First, the design and construction of culture grounds According to the unique ecological habits of giant salamander, ponds should be considered in the pond design for living habits and growth and development of the ecological environment.
(A) The structure of aquaculture ponds There are two kinds of breeding grounds for pteracidoides, one is an open-air breeding pond, the other is a civil defense project and a basement aquaculture pond. Its structure is brick, cement, stone, concrete structure. The specific structural requirements are:
1. The structure of the wall structure of the wall of the dollfish culture pond is as follows: 1 cut off the water so that it does not leak water; 2 it is safe and secure, can withstand the pressure of the persons in the pool wall and the pressure in the pool water, and the pool wall does not sink; 3 must prevent escape. Facilities; 4 Cheap. The wall of the dollfish culture tank is generally made of square stone, brick or concrete, cement is caulked, and the wall of the pond is to be smoothed or tiled with grout. The top of the pool wall should extend 10 cm into him to prevent the kingfish from escaping.
2. The bottom of the pool structure dollfish pond is generally first compacted with stones, the thickness of 20 to 30 cm, and then filled with small stone slag, and finally paved with concrete. In order to facilitate drainage, the bottom of the pool is inclined from the periphery to the center with an inclination of about 2%. The slope of the outlet is inclined from the center to the corner, and the slope is about 1% to 1.5%.
3. The position of the inlet of the inlet is based on the inlet and is opposite to the outlet at the pool angle. The inlet is higher than the wall of the pool, preferably 60 cm above the surface of the ground, and protrudes into the pool by 20 cm. The material of the inlet can be cement pipe or concrete. Also, cast iron pipe or plastic pipe can be used. Whatever material is used in the inlet , must install control facilities and filters. The control facility uses a straight-through stop valve, and asks whether the size of the pipe diameter can be determined according to the amount of water required by various types of baby carp pools and the water inlet pressure. The larval pool may be 100-300 mm, and adult pools may be 300-500 mm. Water inlet filter material should be made of stainless steel, and the same goal should be based on the size of the dollfish pond.
(b) Construction of breeding grounds The adult culture pond for giant salamanders is an important environmental condition for giant salamander breeding, and it is a critical period for the commercialization of salamanders. In the adult stage, the giant salamanders have increased their resilience and increased their adaptability. At the same time, they have reached the peak with absconding and the same kind of weak meat. Therefore, adult requirements are based on their physiological characteristics at this stage. More than 5 were constructed so as to separate farming by individual size. According to local conditions, adult pools can be built indoors or in civil air defense projects, or they can be built outdoors. The built pool area can reach 100 to 2,000 square meters. The artificial arc or hole area in the pool accounts for 2/3 of the adult pool area, and the radian or cave size tree can be determined by the size of the individual. Outside the building of the pool, in addition to indoor requirements and facilities, the shady facilities must be installed. The shading can be installed according to the actual situation in all areas, requiring all shades on the top and all sides of the pool to be shaded.
Second, the breeding of adults in the domestic aquaculture has achieved successful experience and technology, its main breeding methods are outdoor breeding, basement, air defense engineering breeding and our research and development of factory-controlled temperature culture. In summary, it can be mainly divided into hydroponic and flowing aquaculture. Natural bastard fish is based on baits in the natural environment as a nutrient base. Therefore, it is slow to grow and generally requires five instars to reach adulthood. Artificial breeding of giant salamander is to create its good ecological environment and provide nutritious feed. Generally only 2 to 3 years old are needed to reach the adult stage. Because of its high nutritional value and medicinal value, it has great economic development value. Therefore, the growth and culture technology of the giant salamander will be the focus of competition in China's aquatic industry in the coming period, and the giant salamander will also be the key species to be developed in the future.
(I) Farming methods The method for breeding of giant salamanders can be selected according to the situation. The following describes the temperature-controlled culture technology - the monoculture method of the polyp carp, which has obtained the invention patent right.
(B) adult stocking
one. Preparation before stocking
(1) Maintenance and disinfection of adult pools is mainly to check the water inlet and outlet pipes. Whether the barrier is damaged or not, inspect the filter tank, filter device and temperature control machine for any faults, and carry out repairs. Inspect the adult pool to see if there is any damage and repair it in time. Disinfect the adult pool and wait for the drug to disappear. Restocking.
(2) Adult disinfection Adult disinfection mainly prevents saprophytic diseases and bacterial diseases. The disinfection methods and drugs are the same as those of larvae. When stocking, the water temperature of the adult breeding pond should be the same as the water temperature of the larval pond.
(3) Pre-restocking inspections The quantity and specifications of adult should be inspected in order to feed adult individuals in large, medium, and small fractionated pools. In this way, the same size of the adult body is basically the same in terms of ingestion ability and ingestion intensity, and the growth rate is basically the same, which can avoid mutualism due to polyculture.
(4) Stocking Density The adult density of giant salamanders depends on the farming methods, technical levels, and farming conditions of each region. The stocking standards for adult cultures are summarized in Table 5-2.
Third, feed and feeding feed and feeding is the central part of the entire bastard fish breeding technology. The quality of feeding and management work on adult growth and development. There is an extremely close relationship between the occurrence of polyposis, stable water quality, and the survival rate of adults.
(-) adult ecological physiology
1. Living habits Inhabiting in the natural environment in the dark spring of the Yin River, artificial breeding inhabits artificial holes.
2. The adult bait is carnivorous. The bait is divided into two categories: fresh and frozen animals (but not containing excessive fat) and artificial compound feed.
3. The determinants of adult growth and gonadal development in water temperature range from 16 to 25°C, and the optimal range is 18 to 23°C.
4. Oxygen consumption was 20.28 to 32.89 mg/kg ha during the day and 21.69 to 36.24 mg/kg ha at night.
5. Suitable pH for adult PH is 6.5-7.5.
6. Illumination of the body is backlit movement - that is, photophobia, requiring an intensity of light of 100 to 500 lux.
(b) Feed and feeding methods
1. Feed types The baby fish is a carnivorous animal, and its natural bait resources are very rich, mainly fish, shrimp, frog, shellfish, loach, chicken and duck embryos, lamb, beef, rabbit meat, quail, etc., artificial compound feed can use catfish feed, We have developed artificial mixed feed for giant salamanders. The bait coefficient of natural baits raising adults is 3.5-6.3. Artificial diet feed adult body feed coefficient of 2.8 to 3.6. All localities can decide on feeding species based on local feed resources.
2. Feeding In order to improve the breeding efficiency of the giant salamander and reduce feed costs, it is necessary to understand the ability of adults to digest, absorb, and utilize nutrients in the feed prior to feeding, in order to determine reasonable feeding. Reasonable feeding includes issues such as nutrition, growth, metabolism, physiology, ecological environment and feeding factors, feeding times, feeding methods, and feeding principles of giant salamander.
(1) Feeding time and frequency The juvenile fish are fully digested and absorbed under suitable temperature conditions, and they are usually fed for 2 to 3 days. If the humidity is lower than 10°C, they are fed once every 5 to 7 days. The giant salamanders are nocturnal and feed at night. Therefore, the summer feeding time is from 8 to 10 in the afternoon and from 6 to 8 in the winter.
(2) There are many factors affecting the feeding of the giant salamander, such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, water quality, diseases, feed varieties, and feed quality. The amount of feed required by the giant salamander can be calculated based on the number of adults in the pond and the daily feeding rate. The formula is: A = WE where the A-day feeding amount; W—Babyfish weight; E—feeding rate. Water temperature is an important factor influencing the feeding of the giant salamander. Because the salamander is a variable temperature animal, the body's physiological metabolism changes with the temperature of the water. In the optimum temperature range of the giant salamander, its feeding and growth are positively correlated with the increase of water temperature. In general, feeding above 12°C, the food intake is the highest at 18-23°C, and the growth is also the fastest. The water temperature rises above 26°C, and the food intake decreases. At 28°C or above, it enters the "summer sleep." At the appropriate temperature and the same feed quality conditions, dissolved oxygen and water quality play a major role. Therefore, the amount of adult feeding should be determined by combining various factors. After 10 years of research, we obtained a feeding standard under different water temperature conditions, which can be used for feeding in adult culture.
(3) Feeding methods Feeding should be based on the biological learning and ecological habits of the juvenile fish to determine a reasonable feeding method. In order to improve feed utilization and reduce feed costs, feeding must adhere to the four-time feeding method, ie, timing, positioning, quality, and quantity.
1 timing is based on the characteristics of nocturnal creatures learning to feed on time and feeding at the same time, but also according to the season, water temperature, water quality, appropriate to advance or postpone. General feeding time: 10 o'clock in the evening in the summer, 8 o'clock in the winter.
2 Positioning to develop a baby fish positioning eating habits, can promote the concentrated feeding of giant salamanders, cluster feeding can not only improve the appetite of baby fish, increase food intake, but also can reduce feed dispersion, improve feed efficiency.
3 If the ration is artificial feed, it should be kept at a low temperature, dry and free from moisture. Adults have different feed additives due to different purposes. In order to increase the utilization of protein in feeds, the feed must be prepared with oils and fats, and fish oil and vegetable oils are generally required. The amount of oil added increases or decreases depending on the temperature of the water. When the water temperature is 18 to 23°C, add 5% of fish oil and corn oil. When the water temperature is 14 to 1.7°C, the amount of oil added is 5% to 6%. Below 12 °C, no grease can be added. Natural baits require fresh and clean, and must not be fed for deteriorating bait. Natural baits are ideal for feeds such as loach, cod, squid, and chicken and duck embryos.
4 Quantitative According to the different factors such as feeding, digestion, individual growth, individual size, water temperature, and water quality of the giant salamander, appropriate amounts of feed should be given.
IV. Breeding management
(I) The management of adult pools is reared for a period of time. Individual growth and density increase, but the baby boomfish disease also occurs. Therefore, daily management is very important. The day-to-day management of adult pools is a diligence, early morning, three-view, and four defenses.
A diligence: It is a patrol pool. The swimming pool is visited 3 times a day. After watching the food in the morning, the pool is observed. At noon the pool is watched for changes in water temperature. At night, the pool is observed for adult food intake.
In the morning: It is early stocking and early eating. Pay attention to whether or not you are eating when the water temperature rises after the Spring Festival. If you do not eat food, you should use warming to feed the adult as soon as possible.
Three look; it is to look at food intake, to see if there is food or food, and see the water quality. Looking at food intake is mainly to see whether the food intake of adults is concentrated or scattered. To see if there is food or food spit, in order to adjust the amount of feeding. Water quality is mainly to see if the water quality is fresh and the transparency is high, so that measures can be taken to improve the water quality.
Four defenses: It is heatstroke prevention, disease prevention, escape prevention, and waterproof change. Heatstroke prevention is one of the important tasks of summer adult pool management. Due to the high water temperature in summer and the death of adults, it is necessary to adopt anti-cold cooling to facilitate the growth of giant salamanders, and outdoor sun protection is mainly used to set shades to make the light intensity low. Change the water to be taken late at night, so that it is beneficial for the body to “summerâ€. Prevention of disease is to prevent the baby fish disease. Attention should be paid to the feeding behavior of the giant salamanders. If adults are found to be outliers, they must be examined and studied for disease conditions, and isolation and prevention measures should be used to promptly treat them. Anti-escape is to prevent adults from escaping. We must constantly inspect the water inlet and outlet, strengthen management, and prevent escape. Waterproof is to prevent water quality from getting worse. In addition to doing a good job in feeding management, adult pools must also perform water quality management, adult diseases, and other prevention and control work.
1. The water quality management adult pool requires fresh water, low zooplankton and predator biomass, and a transparency of 50 to 60 cm. The quality of adult pond water will directly affect the feeding and feeding of giant salamanders. Good water quality, strong ability to feed in the body, strong physique, and less incidence.
(1) Change the water. Adult pool water has poor self-purification, and pool water should be changed frequently. Generally, the amount of water changed every day is 2/3. When the high temperature and water quality deteriorate in summer, the pool water should be drained and fresh water should be added.
(2) Do a good job in maintaining the cleanliness of groundwater. In daily management, remove the residual baits, dirt, and dead crocodile that are floating on the water. Keep pool water clean to prevent contamination of water quality due to decay of such materials.
(3) Pay attention to the changes in plankton and predator organisms in the pond water. The large number of plankton breeding is one of the main factors that cause water quality changes in adult pools and adult diseases. Once the amount of plankton in pond water is found to be large, it must be dealt with promptly. And disinfection.
2. The occurrence of disease prevention and control of the fish disease of the giant salamander will directly affect the feeding and survival rate and yield of adult animals. The prevention and treatment of the disease should adhere to the principle of prevention and treatment. Prevention and treatment of warts should also do the following work.
(1) Adult water The best use of tap water or underground well water, to reduce bacteria and pollution sources, the use of reservoirs, mountain streams, yin river water and other natural water source of the farm, the influent water must be filtered to prevent enemy pests into the adult pool.
(2) Fish and shrimp that do not contain pathogens in adult pools.
(3) Newly-introduced giant salamanders are sterilized before being introduced into the pond for culture.
(4) Disinfect the pool water regularly and feed medicine baits into medicine baths to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
(B) Adult gravidity As the adult is bred for a period of time, the difference in individual size is obvious due to differences in feeding, digestion, and absorption, and this difference will increase. Because of the large size of the adult food intensity. Food intake is large, and its growth is fast; while small-scale adult food-feeding ability is poor, food intake is small, and growth is increasingly slow. Therefore, in the same adult pond, giant salamanders show large, medium, and small differentiations. In order to avoid weak meats, they must be reared in adult grading pools.
1. Preparing for childbirth (1) Baby dolly ponds and tools The dollfish ponds and tools to be reared prior to childbirth are prepared. Dolphin ponds must be disinfected and cultured first. The method is described in the section on stocking. The adult birth control tools include plastic buckets and plastic pots. (2) Feeding adults should be stopped for 5 to 7 days prior to division, so as to prevent damage during fishing.
2. The fish will be ready to divide into a pond to drain the water. Then the adults of different sizes and ready for stocking will be picked up, placed in plastic pots prepared in advance, and finally put into their new adult areas.
3. Several problems of adult rearing (l) The baby-fish is a photophobia animal, so it is necessary to choose to conduct breeding on rainy days. The temperature of rainy days is relatively low, and the humidity is high. Adults are not easily injured in catching. In summer, the temperature is high and the light intensity is strong. The sub-cultivation should be conducted in the middle of the night, and it is forbidden to operate under the direct sunlight. (2) The water temperature of the rearing fish pond is basically the same. If the water temperature difference between the two pools is relatively large, it is easy to cause adult anti-spitting and produce diseases. Therefore, the sub-culture of adult pool water requires that the water temperature be similar, so that the lizardfish do not feed.
The giant salamander is commonly known as the giant salamander, and it is a national second-level key protected wild animal. Our country has expanded its efforts to eliminate Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia. Although Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Taiwan have not been reported, they are distributed in other provinces and autonomous regions, and are mainly produced in the Shanxi River, a tributary of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Pearl River, especially Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, and Shaanxi. For more. The daddy is overwhelmed by light and grows slowly. In wild conditions, it takes 5 to 6 years to be sexually mature, and the body weight is 500 grams or more. Under artificial conditions, it must be at least 3 years or more to reach the product specifications. In addition, it is difficult to reproduce artificially. Therefore, farming is not common and it is limited to a few farms in Jiangsu, Hubei, and Guangdong. However, in recent years, the cultivation of giant salamanders has received extensive attention and it is a potential special breed.