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1. Discussion on the influence of pH on plants
After more than 40 days of observations (one of which was screened), the data is as shown in Table 1.
The process by which root cells absorb ions of various mineral elements in soil solution is closely related to the respiration of root cells. Root cells produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by respiration, which is dissolved in water to produce (H 2 CO 3 )CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3 , which can be dissociated into H + and HCO 3 - , H 2 CO 3 + H 2 O = HCO 3 - + H + . These two ions can be exchanged for cations (such as K + , NH 4 + ) and anions (such as NO 3 - ) in the soil solution, respectively. Thus, H + and HCO 3 - enter the soil solution, and some of the cations and anions in the soil solution are adsorbed by the roots onto the surface of the cell membrane of the root cells. The process by which H + and HCO 3 adsorbed by root cells exchange with cations and anions in soil solution is called exchange adsorption. During the exchange of adsorption, the cations and anions in the soil solution near the root cells are reduced, and the cations and anions in the soil solution farther away from the root cells can be moved by diffusion.
2) The original theory of the influence of pH on mineral absorption
(1) Biological aspects:
The conversion of organic nutrients in the soil is carried out with the participation of microorganisms (microorganisms secrete enzymes that decompose organic matter), and the acidity or alkalinity of the soil has an effect on the growth of microorganisms. The acid or alkaline environment also causes the protein in the protoplast layer of the plant root cell to be positively or negatively charged, attracting or repelling the absorbed mineral ions.
(2) Chemical aspects:
Soil pH has an impact on soil structure. In acidic soils, the concentration of hydrogen ions is large, and it is easy to replace the calcium ions in the colloids, so the acid soil is easy to be knotted. The alkaline soil contains a large amount of substitutional sodium ions and hydroxide ions, which disperse the soil particles and dry the plate, resulting in poor structural properties of the alkaline earth. The solubility of cationic minerals is reduced to affect absorption.
2) In the comparison of different RNAs of the same plant, the length of the enzyme digestion is too large, and is limited by the technical conditions, which cannot fully explain whether the protein is mutated.
3) There are not many types of nutrient solution used in the experiment, and the conclusion cannot explain the absorption of all elements.
It is planned to carry out a single nutrient solution incubation experiment, the time is increased, the gradient is within 1-3 hours, and the nutrient solution type is increased at the same time. The plants grown in different environments were subjected to mRNA→cDMA transcription to accurately compare the presence or absence of protein differences.
pH is the most important parameter of plant nutrition. Plant nutrient absorption depends on the precise adjustment of the pH of the soil or matrix: too low pH hinders the absorption of large amounts of elements; too high pH, ​​hinders the absorption of trace elements, such as iron deficiency and chlorosis. Therefore, fast and reliable pH measurement is an integral part of professional horticulture and agricultural production. We used the PH3000 soil acidity meter to test the effect of pH pH on its products during plant growth:
The influence of pH on plants is multi-faceted. It is roughly divided into the external environment and the plant itself. To determine the main factors, thousands of wheat seeds have been divided into PH=4, 4.5, 5, 5.5. 6, 6, 6.3, 7, 7.5, 8 9 gradients for breeding, about 100 per region, cultured with nutrient solution.
Table 1 Breeding record
pH
October 15
October 18
October 22
October 25
October 30
November 2
November 7
4
1.50
6.00
8.00
15.00
17.00
19.00
26.00
4.5
0.90
3.50
8.00
15.00
19.00
21.00
25.00
5
0.70
5.50
10.00
13.50
16.00
18.00
27.00
5.5
0.30
3.00
7.00
14.00
18.00
20.00
25.00
6
0.00
3.00
14.00
14.00
19.50
21.00
30.00
6.3
1.60
7.00
15.00
17.00
22.00
24.00
32.00
7
0.90
5.00
13.00
15.00
17.50
19.00
28.00
7.5
0.60
3.50
8.00
14.00
16.50
18.00
30.00
8
1.10
4.50
10.00
15.00
19.00
21.00
28.00
Comparing the three parts, the height of the plants has been significantly different (see Figure 1). Actually, the plants in the PH=6-7 area were thicker and taller than others. It shows that the effect of pH on plants is significant.
Figure 1 Comparison of breeding height
However, this difference is not very disparate. It can also be proved that the pH of the test area is not more than the survival limit of wheat and affects its own structure.
In order to determine whether the pH has an effect on plant synthetic protein, the RNA of PH=4, 6.3, and 8 plants was compared by electrophoresis.
Figure 2 Wheat RNA electrophoresis image
Under the condition of enzymatic cleavage, the zero-equivalent phenomenon is shown (Fig. 2). The results are basically the same at the molecular level. It can be explained that the pH does not affect the protein synthesis of plants in a certain range. In view of the above reasons, the pH is mainly Environmental impacts of plants. The core issue is the absorption of mineral elements by the roots.
2. Effect of pH on mineral absorption
1) The process of root absorption of mineral elements
Various mineral elements are absorbed in the ionic state. Some of the ions of mineral elements in the soil are present in the soil solution and some are adsorbed by the soil particles. The ions present in the soil solution and the ions adsorbed by the soil particles can be selectively absorbed by the roots.
After reviewing the data, it was found that the existing theory only pays attention to the influence of the external environment on the plant body, ignoring the changes of the plant's external environment and its own resistance. Especially for the different absorption rates of mineral elements under different acid and alkali conditions, the absorption of mineral elements under the acid environment is unpredictable.
3) Contact the principle of mineral element absorption and the knowledge of inorganic chemistry
The principle of ion balance, electrolyte and charge mutual exclusion:
The ionization equilibrium is called when the weak electrolyte molecules ionize into ions in solution at a rate equal to the rate at which the ions recombine the ions. This balance is dynamic, temporary, and conditional. When conditions change, the balance moves in a direction that weakens the change. When the solution exhibits acidity and alkalinity, it represents H + or OH - excess, then the OH - (HCO 3 - + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3 + OH - ) or H + adsorbed on the root will be the same as in the soil solution. The particles are mutually exclusive, which affects ion exchange.
3. Single nutrient solution plant growth test
In order to confirm the above principle, a single substance nutrient solution plant growth test was carried out using wheat. To identify the absorption of minerals and the effect on the solution in different acid and alkali environments.
Ammonia sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (cation), calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (anion is more easily absorbed), and ammonium nitrate NH 4 NO 3 (abnormal anion absorption). Three single substance nutrient solutions are divided into three groups for culture
The first group is around pH 5.7
time
8:35
9:05
9:50
11:20
2:35
6:35
8:15
9:25
Ammonia sulfate
5.81
5.80
5.86
5.88
5.90
5.93
5.98
6.04
Calcium nitrate
5.61
5.68
5.74
5.82
5.85
5.88
5.98
6.02
Ammonium nitrate
5.77
5.91
5.97
5.96
5.95
5.97
6.05
6.07
When the ambient pH is low, the pH of each group of solutions increases (Figure 3). The calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (plant absorbs more of its anions) solution has a maximum increase of 0.41. The ammonium nitrate NH 4 NO 3 (the basic absorption of anion and cation) increased by 0.3, and the ammonia sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (plant absorbed more cations) increased by a minimum of 0.23. It is not difficult to see that the plants in the calcium nitrate solution release more OH - , that is, absorb more anions. The plants in the ammonium sulphate solution released very little OH - , and the amount of SO 4 2- which was not easily absorbed was slightly increased, which indicates that the acidic environment inhibits the adsorption of the more readily absorbed cation (NH 4 + ) by the plant. While the anion cation absorbs the basic average NH 4 NO 3 , it also absorbs more anions due to the inhibition of the acidic environment, and the solution shifts to neutral.
Figure 3 Image of pH change
The second group PH is about 6.5
time
8:35
9:05
9:50
11:20
2:35
6:35
8:15
9:25
Ammonia sulfate
6.68
6.73
6.71
6.70
6.68
6.70
6.73
6.76
Calcium nitrate
6.47
6.50
6.55
6.57
6.57
6.55
6.56
6.55
Ammonia nitrate
6.59
6.62
6.63
6.64
6.61
6.58
6.58
6.59
The change of data in this group is basically small (Figure 4), indicating that PH= 6.5 -6.8 is the equilibrium point for the plant to absorb various anions and cations. If the pH is higher, the solubility of the cation is lowered to affect the absorption, and if it is low, the absorption of the cation is inhibited.
Figure 4 Image of pH change
The third group PH is about 7.5
time
8:35
9:05
9:50
11:20
2:35
6:35
8:15
9:25
Ammonia sulfate
7.38
7.34
7.22
7.14
7.04
6.93
6.82
6.82
Calcium nitrate
7.53
7.54
7.51
7.47
7.43
7.42
7.42
7.40
Ammonia nitrate
7.49
7.50
7.46
7.43
7.33
7.21
7.24
7.21
When the ambient pH is high, the pH of each group of solutions decreases (Figure 5). Ammonia sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 has a maximum decrease of 0.56, that is, a large amount of NH 4 + is adsorbed. Calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3 ) 2 solution has a minimum reduction of 0.13, and the solution releases less H + , which adsorbs a little more Ca 2 + that is difficult to be absorbed by plants. This proves that the alkaline environment inhibits plants against anions (easier) Absorbed NO 3 - ) adsorption. And promote cation adsorption. The NH4NO3 nitrate solution also promoted the absorption of cations due to the alkaline environment, releasing more H+ and decreasing by 0.27, and the solution shifted to neutral. Finally, close the absorption median value PH = 6.5- 6.8.
Figure 5 Image of pH change
In the early breeding observation, it was found in the later stage that the leaves in the alkaline area were yellow and defoliated, and there was a deficiency of nitrogen. Plants in the acid zone are dimly colored and the leaves are curled. It is a typical potassium deficiency. When the nutrient solution is configured, the various nutrients are basically constant. Nitrogen ions are added to the solution in the form of NO 3 - . To a certain extent, this indicates that the acidic environment inhibits cation absorption and the alkaline environment inhibits anion exchange. The narration of the above points.
4. in conclusion
Through the above tests, it can be basically confirmed that in an acidic environment, plants will absorb more anions, inhibit cation absorption, release OH - , and move the environment to the intermediate point. It absorbs more cations in an alkaline environment, inhibits anion exchange, and releases more H + outwards, which also moves the external environment to neutral. This also clearly explains the plant's adversity resistance and highlights the adaptability, indicating that the plant absorption material is the cause of the change in the pH of the solution.
5. Error analysis and improvement
1) It is not accurate to be affected by the control group, temperature and operation in the PH measurement of the solution. Since the measurement period is long, the variation is large. The data of each group is best compared only for comparison and not separately.
6. application
1) We must realize that acidic soils do not easily absorb cationic minerals, and only fertilization will only cause waste.
2) Do not use excessive use of sulfur, gypsum, alum, etc. to improve soil pH, so that plants absorb too much toxin to form unnecessary toxicity to the next trophic level, and ultimately affect humans. It can consciously artificially strengthen the influence of plants on the external environment. For example, in the alkaline soil, a large amount of fertilizer with a large amount of elements and more cations is naturally applied, which naturally changes the acidity and alkalinity of the soil.