The identification of the advantages and disadvantages of cattle is an important basis for farmers to purchase cattle, use cattle, and breed cattle. In order to make the criteria for identifying the quality of cattle more precise, the author visited the Ouyang, Zhangwan, Shuanggou, Guyong, Guyi, Huangquhe, Huangji, Nizui, Xinji and other towns and villages of Qiyang County, Hubei Province. The experience of the more than 20 experienced experts of the Exchange, combined with our experience in practical work, summed up the “Farâ€, “Fineâ€, “Movementâ€, and “Static†set of “Five Characters†After the introduction is as follows: I. Far--that is, when the appearance of a distant view cattle is identified as cattle, the first station stands 2-3 meters away from the cattle, and observes the cattle around the week to observe the appearance of the cattle from all sides. Generally good. The appearance of the cattle is as follows: the body is tall and thick, before and after the high, the bones are strong, and the whole body muscles are well developed; the bull is head and chest and has a male character; the cow head is delicate; the front, middle and back parts of the body are well-balanced. , Strong and compact, with large forequarters, strong and powerful limbs, bright eyes and eyes, clean and bright hair, large nostrils, wide and moist nose, and sweat; feces are not thin, and the surface is lustrous. "The same length," that is, neck, body, legs should be long Consistent, well-balanced body development, "three full and three dry," that is, the neck, chest and threatened to be full; eye face, genitals and tail should be dry, avoid meat: "three sons" is the mouth as a child (mouth square), Eyes such as egg shells (eyes are bright and gods are in a garden shape), hooves are like wooden rakes (garden and large), buffaloes pay special attention to observe the "three widths", that is, the angle door width, shoulder width, chest width, mouth large The neck is thick, the waist is short, the calves are long, the height is thick and thin, and the legs are short and long, the length of the body is short and the length of the spine is the same, the hooves are large, and the eyes are prominent. With the words of the “phase cowkinâ€, it is “a view on a skin, and on the lower limbs.†Hoof, front view of chest wide, rear view of ass." Second, into ---- that is, the age of the cow near the age of the cow can be read according to the records of the date of birth to know, but the farmers usually do not have these materials cattle cattle. The growth, replacement, etc. The degree of wear is a certain rule, and the age of the identified cow can be judged according to the incisor change of the cow (ie, it is judged according to the occurrence of milk teeth or the replacement of permanent teeth and permanent teeth). Milk teeth (ie teeth that grow after birth) are small and clean , There are obvious tooth necks, and the gap between the teeth is larger, and the permanent teeth (that is, the new teeth that are replaced after the milk teeth are removed) are large, thick, yellowish, arranged neatly, and are closely tied to each other. A pair of breast teeth grow, four to five months old four pairs of milk teeth long Qi, after gradually wear and short buffalo about 3 years old, cattle 1.5 to 2 years old the first pair of breast teeth fall off, grow the first pair of permanent teeth , that is, "tooth", after a year off a pair, gradually from the "four teeth", "six teeth", to "eight teeth" (that is, "Qikou"), buffalo Qikou about six years old, Qiu Qikou 4. After 5 years of age, the permanent teeth begin to wear in sequence, and the wear surface gradually changes from a rectangular pattern to a black oval shape and even to a triangular shape. The gap between the teeth gradually expands until the tooth roots are exposed and even permanent teeth fall off. The rectangular pattern on the worn surface is “indicated.†Buffalo is about 7 years old, and when the cattle are between 5.5 and 6 years old, “two seals†appear, and the pair wears one year until the “eight sealsâ€, and the buffalo is about ten years old, and the cattle are 8.5. ~ 9 years old. When the tooth wear surface appears black elliptical pattern is "beads." Buffalo is about 11 years old, yellow cattle 9.5 to 10 years old that appears "two beads", and so on until the "eight beads" (that is, "full of beads", also known as "old mouth"), buffalo full of beads about 14 years old. Cattle full of beads 12.5 to 13 years old. Buffalo is over 14 years old, and the cattle have reached the age of more than 13 years old. They basically lose their serviceability and their reproductive performance is basically lost. Therefore, when identifying cattle, it is necessary to select green and prime cattle for feeding according to the law of the teeth of cattle. Third, fine ---- that the body of the meridian cow has been given a preliminary understanding of the shape and age of the cow after a long-distance and close-up view. Then the body of the cow must be examined from the beginning to the end. Generally good cattle show: (1) moderate head size, flat surface, wide forehead, thin and flexible eyes, large nostrils, open nose, flat nose; wide mouth and wide lips, deep mouth, lip direction Stretched on both sides, the upper and lower lips are neat and thin, with good fit and regular teeth. The tongue is long and flexible, the tongue is rough, and there is a noticeable tingling sensation when it is touched by the hand. (2) Moderate length of neck, full-bodied muscles, thick skin, less folds of skin, good integration with the trunk, and the ability to rise above the ridge. (3) The shoulder peaks are developed and wide, and the muscles are plump and well connected with the neck. (4) The chest ribs are long and curved, and the abdomen is thick without sagging. (5) Flat back, full muscles, broad and strong. (6) The musculature of the jaw is full, wide and long, slightly flat and slightly oblique, and the buffalo jaw is generally slanted. Therefore, the propulsion force is large, and the ox calf tilts, but the speed is fast, but if the hip is sluggish, it is weak. . (7) Tail garden, strong and compact, close to the buttocks. (8) The limbs are parallel, the forelimb is straight, the hindquarters are slightly curved, and the depth of the body and the height of the legs are nearly equal. The upper limbs of the four limbs are well muscled, and the joints and the tube are tightly attached to the bones, and the ankles are more pronounced. The hoofs are large, the gardens are solid, and the lines are short and the inclination is small. (9) The male of the bull is strong, the size of the testis is well-proportioned, there is no cryptorchidism, and the monotestis; the cow's vulva is not depressed, full, and the breasts are well developed without hidden nipples or deputy nipples. Fourth, moving - that is, moving the cow's walking step The cow's steps show various steps due to different postures. The normal posture of a cow is: When the forelimb stands vertically, there is a width of one hoof from the distance between the left and right hoofs. During the walk, looking sideways at the forelimb, the lower part of the wrist joint lifts high backwards. It moves forward, and the hind legs are powerful. The trailing shoe's hooves trail the front shoe's hooves, and the hock and waist are not traversed during the move. swing. If the cow stands, the distance between the hoofs is small, then it is in a narrow-step posture. When the walking distance is relatively small, the distance between the left and right hoofs is narrow; when the hoof distance is large, it is in a wide-elevation posture. width. Excessively large or too small hoof distance is not conducive to the exertion of cattle power. In addition, the cow is in an outward posture, and the hoofs of the stepping stance are in an out-of-step sloping character. The inward-facing posture and the hopping hooves are inward-looking; the cow can only take a small step, a low step, and a bad trail. Hoof traces do not reach the hooves of the forefoot. The waist and hock swing around during the walk are all bovine defects. These cattle have generally poor performance. Therefore, when cattle are selected, they should be particularly Observe the steps of the cow. V. Quiet --- that is, the cattle who are observing the cattle's good demeanor, generally show gentle temperament and obey the command. Crude and timid grazing cattle, even if they have better individuals, good body type, and ideal trajectory, can not fully exert their service performance because they do not listen to people's call. General tame cattle, the gentle eyes, to solve the ear, horns, forehead, ear roots, hocks and various parts of the body when there is a slight reaction, but do not make any resistance. The harsh farm cattle, when they see strangers, their eyes glare, their front limbs climb mud, show hostile vigilance, and react strongly when they come in contact with body parts, especially when touching the head, tail, hocks, testicles or breasts. Even wounded. The timidity of cows is disturbing, flinching and avoiding, showing fear. Therefore, when choosing cattle, you must not neglect to observe the nature of cattle. China Agricultural Network Editor