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Artificial liquid fuels perform similarly to gasoline and diesel obtained from oil fractionation, making them suitable for use in gasoline engines and tractors. The production of raw materials such as tea seed oil and tung oil generates a large amount of by-products like dried cakes, husks, oil residues, and turpentine waste. Utilizing these materials effectively plays a vital role in addressing rural energy needs and boosting economic returns. The equipment and methods for producing artificial liquid fuels are relatively simple, making them ideal for small-scale rural manufacturing.
First, raw material processing:
1. **Processing of oil cake**: Oil cake materials include dried cakes from camellia, tung trees, and cypress, as well as fruit shells. Before drying, the raw materials should be thoroughly dried, crushed into small pieces, and impurities like stones removed. They should then be stored in a dry place.
2. **Processing of oil foot**: Heat the oil foot in an iron pan to 130°C until the water evaporates. Then, mix 50 kg of oil foot with 15 kg of lime while stirring continuously to avoid clumping. When the oil forms a thread-like consistency and breaks when dropped, it is ready. Pour it onto a wooden board and let it solidify for later use.
3. **Treating resin residue**: Remove impurities such as stones and vegetation from the rosin residue. Since the residue contains volatile oils, it must be handled carefully to avoid fire hazards. Avoid placing the residue near heat sources or directly on the pot’s side.
Second, dry distillation:
1. **Dry distillation equipment**: The main components are the retorting pot, condenser, and liquid barrel. The pot can be made of thick iron or repurposed from a gasoline drum. It should measure 80 cm in diameter, 122 cm long, and 0.3 cm thick, with an air inlet. The condenser and catheter can be made from copper or aluminum tubes, and the liquid barrel can be a standard zinc or iron container. Proper installation ensures safety by keeping the setup away from open flames.
2. **Retorting method**: Check for leaks before starting. Fill the pot halfway with processed material, close it, and ignite the fire. Initially, white gas will appear, followed by liquid at around 100°C. Keep the flame low to prevent explosions. As yellow smoke emerges, more oil begins to flow. Stop when the smoke turns blue and no more oil is produced. The process typically takes 5–6 hours per batch, resulting in black, sticky crude oil with a burnt and petroleum-like smell.
Third, crude oil cracking:
1. **Cracking oil cake crude oil**: Mix 50 kg of crude oil with 15 kg of lime, fill the pot to about 40% capacity, and seal it. Cool the condensate bucket, position the liquid barrel under the catheter, and ignite. Maintain a steady fire at 300–400°C. The thermal decomposition produces hydrocarbon gases and dark brown crude oil.
2. **Cracking oil foot calcium soaps**: Similar to oil cake cracking, but care must be taken due to water content. After 30 minutes, reduce the fire if boiling occurs. Tap the pot to check oil levels and adjust accordingly. Once all water has evaporated, increase the heat again to avoid blockage.
3. **Cracking turpentine residue**: Place the turpentine residue in the pot, cover it with lime (12.5 kg per 50 kg of residue), and fill two-thirds of the pot. Ignite and continue until no more oil flows out.
4. **Fractionation of crude oil**: Crude oil is further refined to produce gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. Fractionation uses similar equipment but with specific adjustments. A wrought iron pot with a thermometer and gas guide tube is used. At temperatures between 80–150°C, gasoline is collected; between 150–200°C, kerosene is obtained. The remaining viscous liquid is diesel, which is drained once cooled.
Dried cakes come from various oil crops like rapeseed, peanuts, sesame, ramie, beans, cottonseed, rice bran, corn, pepper, olive, Xanthoceras, and coconut. Husks refer to the shells of oil-bearing fruits, such as those from rapeseed and tung trees. Oil foot refers to vegetable oil residues or filtered sludge from industrial oil production.