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In Pengzhou, Anhui province, farmers cultivated 40 acres of paddy rice fields and introduced leeches into the system for 8 to 9 days. Normally, in previous years, new roots would develop within 3 days, and new leaves would appear by day 5. By day 7, the rice seedlings would typically start to show signs of easing, indicating healthy growth. However, this year, no such progress was observed, causing concern among the farmers. Frustrated and worried, they reached out to agricultural experts via a hotline for assistance.
The experts carefully reviewed the farming practices before and after transplanting, paying close attention to how water and fertilizers were applied. Based on their analysis, they identified two main reasons behind the delayed growth of the rice seedlings.
Firstly, the base fertilizer contained an excessive amount of nitrogen. The farmers used 40 kg per mu of high-concentration compound fertilizer (15-15-15) two days before transplanting, along with 25 kg per mu of ammonium bicarbonate. Additionally, they applied urea at 15-20 kg per acre as a top dressing. This resulted in a total of 17-19 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, which was far too much for the early growth stage of the rice plants.
Secondly, the method of applying fertilizers was improper. The soil wasn't deeply tilled before transplanting, and the basal fertilizers were spread on the surface using disk spreaders. As a result, a large portion of the nitrogen ended up concentrated in the shallow soil layer, just 10 cm below the water level. Combined with the dissolution of ammonium bicarbonate and the hydrolysis of urea, this led to an increase in alkalinity in the root zone, creating a stressful environment for the transplanted seedlings and slowing down their growth.
Excess nitrogen in the early stages not only causes loss due to leaching or volatilization but also leads to a deficiency later when the rice needs it most. This imbalance can significantly affect both yield and grain quality.
To address these issues, the experts recommended two effective fertilization strategies for better results:
1. **Balanced Fertilization Method**: Apply one-third of the nitrogen as a full-depth base fertilizer before planting, mixing it into the 0–20 cm plow layer. Another third should be applied during the green-up stage to support vigorous growth, and the final third during the spikelet differentiation phase to enhance flowering and grain development.
2. **Deep Fertilization Method**: Apply 30% of the nitrogen deep into the soil, either before transplanting or 7–10 days after, at a depth of 5–7 cm. The remaining 70% is then applied during the spike differentiation stage, at a depth of 12–15 cm. This approach improves nutrient uptake, reduces nitrogen loss, and promotes stronger, healthier plant growth. Compared to surface application, this method saves about 20% in nitrogen use while resulting in taller, thicker stems, larger upper leaves, and more fully filled grains.