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Farmers in Pengzhou, Anhui Province, have cultivated 40 acres of paddy rice fields and have been planting leeches for about 8 to 9 days. Normally, based on past experiences, new roots would develop within 3 days, and new leaves would appear by day 5. Rice seedlings typically start to ease within 7 days. However, this year, the farmers couldn't see any signs of seedling easing and became worried. They contacted experts through a hotline for advice.
Experts carefully reviewed the farming practices before and after transplanting, particularly focusing on water and fertilizer application. Based on their investigation, they provided an analysis and some key recommendations.
The main issue this year was that the rice plants weren’t slowing down as expected. There were two primary reasons behind this problem.
First, there was an excessive amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the base fertilizer. Before transplanting, they applied 40 kg per mu of high-concentration compound fertilizer (15-15-15), which is 45% nitrogen. Additionally, 25 kg per mu of ammonium bicarbonate was also used. Later, they added a top dressing with urea at 15–20 kg per acre. In total, between 17–19 kg of pure nitrogen per mu was applied. This amount of available nitrogen was too high, leading to over-fertilization.
Second, the fertilization method was not appropriate. The soil wasn’t deeply turned before transplanting, and a large amount of base fertilizer was applied using disk spreaders, which mixed with irrigation water. As a result, the nitrogen was concentrated in the shallow soil layer, just 10 cm below the surface. Combined with the dissolution of ammonium bicarbonate and the hydrolysis of urea, this caused an increase in alkalinity in the root zone. This created a high concentration of free ammonia near the rhizosphere, causing stress to the transplanted seedlings and delaying their growth.
Nitrogen is a highly active element. When it's applied in large amounts early on, it can lead to significant losses. If more nitrogen is needed later, the loss becomes even more problematic, which can affect both yield and quality. To address these issues, the experts recommended two effective fertilization strategies for better results.
1. Balanced Fertilization Method: Apply one-third of the nitrogen during pre-planting, mixing it into the 0–20 cm plow layer. Another third should be applied during the green-up stage to promote healthy growth, and the remaining third should be used during the spikelet differentiation stage to reduce flower drop and improve grain filling.
2. Deep Fertilization Method: Apply 30% of the nitrogen deep into the soil before transplanting or 7–10 days after planting, at a depth of 5–7 cm. Then, apply the remaining 70% during the spike differentiation phase, placing it deeper—12–15 cm. This method improves fertilizer efficiency, saves about 20% of nitrogen compared to surface application. It also helps the rice grow steadily, increases the spike rate, thickens the stem segments, shortens the internodes, and enhances leaf size and color, resulting in fuller grains.