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As autumn approaches, it becomes a crucial time for managing trees, fruits, and the orchard floor in an apple orchard that has remained pest-free. Proper fall management is essential for growers aiming to consistently produce high-quality apples and achieve strong economic returns. Effective care during this period lays the foundation for future success.
1. Tree Management
1.1 Pruning and Flower Bud Promotion
In August, proper pruning helps promote flowering. For young trees, techniques like bending, twisting, and spreading branches are used to ensure branches remain straight, do not overlap, and avoid bends or lifted tips. Thinning dense outer and inter-layer branches that block sunlight improves light exposure, enhances flower bud quality, and supports better fruit coloring while reducing disease risks. Shortening short shoots can increase branching levels and boost the flowering rate.
1.2 Pest and Disease Prevention
Preventing pests such as early leaf fall, anthracnose, canker, and peach borer is critical. Growers can use a 4% "Farmant 120" solution diluted 600 times, or 70% mancozeb at 700 times. Alternating with Diflubenzuron at 1500–2000 times or Qichansu at 6000 times is effective. A copper-zinc Bordeaux mixture should be alternated with these pesticides until leaves naturally fall. Spraying every 10 days and stopping one month before harvest ensures protection.
1.3 Leaf Protection
After harvesting, maintaining leaf retention is vital. Avoiding relaxed management post-harvest is key. Fungicides and Bordeaux mixture should be alternated, and spraying 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate helps protect more than 70% of autumn leaves.
2. Fruit Management
2.1 Nutrient Supplementation
After bagging, apples face high humidity and temperature, which can reduce calcium, boron, and zinc levels, leading to issues like bitter pit and fruit cracking. This is a key time for supplementing trace elements. Spraying 300-fold calcium nitrate or 600–800-fold amino acid calcium two to three times, along with 0.2%–0.3% zinc sulfate and borax, helps prevent these problems.
2.2 Bag Removal
Remove paper bags about 15 days before harvest. For double-layer bags, remove the outer layer first, then the inner one after 4–5 sunny days. For single-layer bags, open the bottom for ventilation and remove after 4–5 days.
2.3 Reflective Film Application
During mid-to-late September, place reflective film under the tree canopy to enhance fruit color. Lay 1-meter-wide reflective film 0.5 meters from the trunk on both north and south sides, cutting between rows and placing it in the middle. Secure the edges with stones. Wash and store the film for reuse next season.
2.4 Leaf Removal
First, remove leaves around the fruit base in late September, keeping 5–10 cm of shade-blocking leaves. Second, 7–10 days before harvest, remove some lower middle and long branches.
2.5 Fruit Turning
After bag removal, turn the fruit so the shaded side faces the sun. Use transparent tape to fix the position and promote even coloring. Turn the fruit three times before harvest for optimal appearance.
3. Ground Management
3.1 Deep Fertilization
From late September to late October, combine deep fall fertilization. Use mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented with chemical nutrients. About 60% of annual fertilizer should be applied, such as 3,000 kg of high-quality farmyard manure per acre, 30 kg urea, and 15 kg potassium sulfate. The autumn equinox marks a peak in root growth, making it ideal for fertilization before and after this period.
3.2 Clearing Debris
Between August and October, clear fallen fruits, diseased material, and worms buried in the soil by burying them deeper than 30 cm. This reduces disease and pest threats for the following season.