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As autumn approaches, it becomes a crucial time for managing trees, fruits, and the orchard floor in an apple orchard that has remained pest-free. Proper fall management is essential for growers aiming to consistently produce high-quality apples and achieve strong economic returns. This period lays the foundation for the health of the orchard and the quality of the upcoming harvest.
1. Tree Management
1.1 Pruning and Flower Bud Development
During August, pruning plays a key role in promoting flower buds. For young or vigorous trees, techniques like bending, twisting, and spreading branches are used to create an open structure. Branches should be straight, not overlapping, and without bends or lifted tips. Thinning is also important—removing dense outer branches and leggy shoots that block sunlight improves light exposure, enhances flower bud quality, and reduces pests and diseases. It also helps with fruit coloring. Short cuts on short shoots can increase branching and boost flowering rates.
1.2 Pest and Disease Control
Preventing early leaf drop, anthracnose, and canker is vital. Growers can use a mixture of 4% "Farmant 120" diluted 600 times or 70% mancozeb at 700 times. Alternatively, Diflubenzuron at 1500–2000 times or Qichansu at 6000 times can be applied. A copper-zinc Bordeaux mixture should be alternated with these sprays until leaves naturally fall. Spraying every 10 days is recommended, with the last application one month before harvest.
1.3 Leaf Protection
After fruit harvesting, maintaining healthy leaves is critical. Orchards must avoid lax management post-harvest. Fungicides should be alternated with Bordeaux mixture, and spraying 0.50% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can help protect autumn leaves, ensuring a coverage rate of over 70%.
2. Fruit Management
2.1 Nutrient Supplementation
After bagging, apples face high temperatures and humidity, which can reduce calcium, boron, and zinc levels, leading to issues like bitter pit and scab. This is a key time for supplementing trace elements. Spraying 300-fold calcium nitrate or 600–800 times amino acid calcium two to three times, along with 0.20%–0.30% zinc sulfate and borax, can help prevent these problems.
2.2 Bag Removal
Apple bags should be removed about 15 days before harvest. For double-layered bags, remove the outer layer first, then the inner one after 4–5 sunny days. For single-layered bags, open the bottom for ventilation and remove them after 4–5 days.
2.3 Reflective Film Application
In mid-to-late September, reflective film should be placed under the tree canopy to enhance fruit coloration. A 1-meter-wide film is placed 0.5 meters from the trunk on both north and south sides, cut into sections and laid between rows. The edges are secured with stones. Before harvest, the film is cleaned and stored for reuse the next season.
2.4 Leaf Removal
The first leaf removal occurs at the end of September, removing leaves around the fruit and shading leaves within 5–10 cm. A second round takes place 7–10 days before harvest, where some lower middle and long branches are pruned.
2.5 Fruit Turning
After bag removal, the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored. The fruit is turned so the shaded side faces up, using transparent tape to fix the position. This process is repeated three times before harvest to ensure even coloration.
3. Ground Management
3.1 Deep Fertilization
From late September to October, deep fall fertilization is carried out. Organic fertilizer makes up about 60% of annual fertilization, with 3,000 kg of high-quality farmyard manure per acre, 30 kg of urea, and 15 kg of potassium sulfate. The autumn equinox marks the third peak of root growth, making this the ideal time for fertilization.
3.2 Clearing Pests and Debris
Throughout August to October, any fallen fruits, diseased material, and soil-dwelling pests should be buried at least 30 cm deep to prevent reinfestation.