Glutamic acid, is an acidic amino
acid. Molecules containing two carboxyl groups, chemical name for
α-amino-pentanedioic acid. Glutamic acid was discovered by lisuoxun in 1856, is
a colorless Crystal, fresh, slightly soluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric
acid, isoelectric point 3.22. Abound in cereal protein, animal content in the
brain and more. Glutamic acid in vivo protein metabolism plays an important
role in the process, participating in many important chemical reactions in
animals, plants and micro-organisms. Msg containing small amounts of glutamic
acid.
Function:
1.Active component for lasting moisturizing and resistance to dry
conditions of human skin.
2.Increasing the elasticity of human skin and keeping it tight and
smooth.
3.Inhibiting the formation of melanin remarkably.
4.Keeping pH balance of human skin.
5.Forming a slow-release delivery system and therefore improving the
absorption capacity of nutrients in cosmetics.
6.As a humectant, moisturizer to improve skin care quality, as a
whitening agent, has anti wrinkle property which gives long lasting effect.
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1. The concept of animal micro-ecological preparation Animal micro-ecologial ageent (AMEA), also known as viable bacteria, and bio-accumulative agent, is a viable microbial preparation made of special micro-organisms containing beneficial microorganisms mainly composed of normal flora in the animal body. . Its trade names are mainly biological veterinary drugs, feed microbial additives, biotin, probiotics, biological starter, biological purifiers, synbiotics and so on. In 1989, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Feed Association (AAFCO) released 43 safe strains that can be directly fed to animals. In 1999, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China announced the availability of feed-grade microbial additive strains that can directly feed animals. 12 [1]. Currently, according to the composition of the probiotics, it is divided into three categories, namely Probiotics, Prebiotics, and synbiotics that combine the two [2].
Probiotics are widely interpreted and defined at home and abroad. Havenaar (1992) proposes that probiotics are viable bacterial cultures of single or multiple microorganisms. When used in animals or humans, they can promote the characteristics of natural microbial flora. And it has a beneficial effect on the host.
Probiotics are a group of substances that selectively promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the body. The most commonly used are currently functional oligosaccharides such as soybean oligosaccharides, Fructo oligosaccharides, and lacto-sugars (Lactulose). Isomaltoli oligosaccharides, etc. These oligosaccharides are widely found in vegetables, fruits, and some plants. They can also be synthesized chemically from monosaccharides. Not all oligosaccharides can be used as probiotics. Only functional oligosaccharides have this function. Functional oligosaccharides are difficult or impossible to absorb, but they can be used in the intestine by bifidobacteria to promote their growth and increase the number of beneficial bacteria in the intestine. The use of probiotics is convenient and there is no need to culture the relevant microorganisms. Preparation, but not all beneficial bacteria have a promoting effect.
Synbiotics (agents), synbiotics are a mixture of probiotics and probiotics. If oligosaccharides are mixed with bifidobacteria, the specific substrates needed for probiotics are relatively easy to obtain, thereby increasing the viability of beneficial bacteria. , and then play a joint effect of the two.
2. Mechanism of action of microecological agents The mechanism of microecological agents has the following theories or hypotheses [3, 4]:
2.1. Dominant population theory In the normal microbiota, a small number of populations occupy the majority of the entire normal microbiota in number, and control the entire population. Destruction of this dominant population can lead to microecological imbalance. Anaerobic bacteria accounts for more than 99% of the intestinal micro-ecosystem in the animal. It is the dominant population in the intestine, with less than 1 % of facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The use of probiotics lies in supplementing or restoring dominant populations, and brings a new balance in the dysregulated microecosystem. This will restore the health of the animal.
2.2, biological antagonistic theory:
The normal microbiota constitutes a defensive barrier for the body, including biological barriers and chemical barriers. Microecology colonies are colonized on the surface of mucous membranes or other biofilm-like structures formed between cells, thereby affecting the colonization, occupancy, growth, and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria or pathogenic bacteria. This is the biological barrier. These barriers can prevent the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms. The metabolic products of normal flora, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, bacteriocin and other active substances together constitute a chemical barrier, which can prevent the colonization and growth of foreign bacteria. Microecological preparations are themselves normal physiological bacteria and their metabolites. They participate in barrier structures and exert biological antagonism.
2.3, biological oxygen theory:
Most of the pathogenic microorganisms belong to aerobic bacteria or facultative anaerobes. When the intestinal micro-ecosystem is disordered and the concentration of local oxygen molecules increases, it is beneficial to the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms. The use of microecological agents can foster oxygen-consuming microorganisms, reduce the concentration of local oxygen molecules, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, restore their microecological balance, and thus achieve the goal of preventing and treating diseases.
2.4. "Three-flow cycle" theory:
The three-stream cycle is the cycle of energy flow, material flow, and gene flow.
2.4.1, Energy Operation:
The internal microbiota maintains the energy exchange and operation relationship with the host. There is energy exchange between plants, animals and humans and normal microorganisms or normal microorganisms. In recent years, electron microscopy has revealed that the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells are extremely close to the pilus of the cell wall and that there is a substance exchange phenomenon.
2.4.2 Substance Exchange:
Normal microbiota and host exchange material through degradation and synthesis. The lysed cells and extracellular enzymes can be used by microorganisms, and the enzymes, vitamins, stimulating hormones and microbial cell components produced by microorganisms can also be utilized by the host cells.
2.4.3 Gene exchange:
There are extensive gene exchanges among normal microorganisms, such as resistance factors, toxin-producing factors, and the like, which can be exchanged between normal microorganisms through the transfer of substances.
Microecological preparations can be used as non-specific immunomodulatory factors to promote the phagocytic ability of phagocytic cells and the ability of B cells to produce antibodies. They can inhibit the excessive growth of spoilage microorganisms and degrade intestinal toxic substances such as ammonia, phenols, etc., to ensure the micro-ecosystem. The normal operation of energy flow, material flow, and gene flow.
3. Application of animal micro-ecological agents in chicken breeding
3.1 Improve production performance and improve feed utilization Zhang Xiaomei et al. (1999)[5] reported that feeding different types of microecological preparations to chicks can increase serum and intestinal protease, lipase and amylase activities of chicks. Digestion and absorption of nutrients. This provides a theoretical basis for the full absorption of feed, reducing the feed-to-meat ratio, and increasing the weight gain. Zhang Qiaoqi (1999) [6] reported that using 1 mL of EM microecological preparations to ferment 1 kg of diet and feeding them after fermentation, the results showed that the egg production rate and average egg weight in the experimental group were 17.77% and 2.58% higher than those in the control group, respectively. And the feed ratio was 12.54% lower than the control group. According to Liu Huazhou et al. (1997) [7] reported that adding 20% ​​of EM fermented feed to layer chicken diets, the average egg production per day increased by 5.54%, the egg production rate increased by 4.47%, and the material-to-egg ratio decreased by 5.25%. Dong Yanxin et al. (2003)[8] added microecological preparations to layer chicken drinking water to reduce thermogenesis, increase heat dissipation, and increase the tolerance of laying hens to high temperatures, which can alleviate the effects of laying hens. Heat stress reaction, thereby improving production performance. Jinggang et al. (2003)[9] used a microecological preparation to conduct feeding trials in commercial layer chickens. The results showed that the egg production rate in the experimental group increased by 5.35%, and the ratio of eggs to eggs increased by 9.52%. The weight was increased by 2.95%, the rate of death scouring was reduced by 68.18%, and the economic benefit was significantly improved. Wang Shichang et al. (1998; 1999) [10,11] fed broiler chickens with different combinations of Bacillus, and gained weight gain of 10.3% and 17.08% at 0-3 weeks (P 3.2 to prevent disease and reduce mortality. Liu Yongjie et al. (1999)[12] It has been reported that chicks fed with Lactobacillus cultures can significantly reduce the number of E. coli and significantly increase the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, thereby increasing the resistance to Salmonella and reducing mortality by 20%. [13] Tests have shown that microecological agents (ecological treasures) can not only significantly increase Newcastle disease HI antibody levels in layer chickens, but also significantly increase the proportion of lymphocytes in blood and leukocyte phagocytic index, thereby enhancing the immunity of laying hens. Strength and disease resistance have significantly improved the immune effect of Newcastle disease.
Many layer tests showed that [14,15]: EM can effectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and the immunity of chickens is enhanced. Without any antibiotics, the average mortality is 15% to 30% lower than that of the control. 55.8%. Especially during the brooding period, it is very effective for the prevention of intestinal infectious diseases such as chicken gizzards, and the mortality rate from 0 to 6 weeks is even more than 50% lower than the control. Chen Liyan (2003)[16] fed broilers (1-42 days old) with Bacillus and found that the number of E. coli in the digestive tract was significantly reduced. The results of Liao Yuying et al. (2003)[17] showed that chickens that had added probiotics to drinking water were infected with virulent coccidial oocysts to reduce morbidity, mortality, and reduce coccidiosis on chickens. The effects and severity of caecal lesions have a good effect in reducing the economic losses caused by coccidiosis in chickens.
3.3 to improve product quality Chen Hong et al (1999) [18] reported that adding EM preparations in feed, can significantly improve the chicken serum Ca2+, inorganic P, carotenoids, albumin content indicators, and serum Ca2+, inorganic P concentrations Eggshell quality (thickness) is positively correlated. Carotenoids can improve the coloration of egg yolk and improve the quality of yolk. Shen Xianwen (1999) [19] reported that applying microecological agent EM to feed livestock and poultry can increase protein, amino acid, and trace elements in meat and eggs to varying degrees, and fat and cholesterol can be reduced to varying degrees without any Drug residue. Liu Huazhou et al. (1997)[20] showed that when the EM fermented feed accounted for 20% in layer diets, the eggshell thickness increased by 6.99%, the protein Haasts unit increased by 10.31%, and the egg yolk color increased by 1.5 Roches. Abdulrahim et al. (1996)[21] reported that the addition of lactic acid bacteria in layer diets can significantly increase the egg production rate, feed conversion rate, and cholesterol content in eggs, but have no effect on cholesterol and lipid levels in the blood. Adding probiotics (including Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, and yeast) to the broiler diets at 3 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in cholesterol levels in the leg muscles, breast muscles, and liver of broilers, and at the same time, increased leg muscles and breast muscles. The ratio of saturated and saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid content (Endo, 1999) [22].
3.4 Reducing environmental pollution Li Weiwei et al [23,24] reported that the use of EM for feed and drinking water in chicken farms significantly reduced the ammonia concentration in the chicken house. The deodorization effect of EM feeds combined with EM drinking water was the best. The ammonia removal rate was 69.7%. The EM feeds combined with ordinary drinking water had an ammonia removal rate of 54.25%. Feeding ordinary feeds only added EM, ammonia in drinking water. The removal rate was 42.12%. The test also showed that, on the basis of the above treatment, spraying the pens with EM100-200 dilution every 2-3 weeks will not only strengthen the effect of deodorization and suppression of flies, but also have positive significance for preventing pests and diseases. Shen Xianwen et al. (1999)[25] added 5% of EM fermented feed to feed, combined with drinking water with EM diluent at a volume fraction of 0.002, the volume of ammonia in the air of broiler and egg house could be reduced by 30.5% and 14.5%. Zhuang Zhiwei et al. (2002)[26] treated broiler litter with microecological preparations. The amount of pathogenic bacteria in the litter decreased, which reduced the incidence of disease, and reduced the content of harmful substances such as NH3, H2S and organic phosphorus in the culture environment and feces. No NH3, odorless, reduced pollution and protected the ecological environment.
4. Attentions in the use of animal microecological preparations Microecological preparations are live microbial preparations, and there are many factors that affect the effect. When using them, pay attention to: (1) The application time is early. According to the preconceived theories, the predominance of the first-in-class bacteria reduces or hinders the settlement of pathogenic bacteria. (2) It is forbidden to use antibiotics, bactericides, disinfectants, or Chinese herbal medicines with antibacterial effects at the same time. Otherwise, they will kill or inhibit live bacteria and weaken or lose the effect of microecological agents. (3) The prophylactic effect of the microecological preparation is better than the treatment, and the effect is slower. Therefore, it should be fed continuously for a long time to achieve the desired effect. (4) According to the purpose, there must be a choice when using it. For the treatment of diarrhea, it is best to use microecological preparations made from dominant bacteria in the intestine, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. (5) Attention should be paid to vitality and quantity. Microecological preparations must contain a certain amount of live bacteria, generally requiring 300 million viable organisms, and have a strong vitality. (6) Pay attention to the shelf life of the preparation. A large number of experiments have shown that, with the extension of the preservation time of the preparation, the number of live bacteria gradually decreases, which means that its role is less and less. (7) Pay attention to the influence of some unfavorable factors on the strains. If Lactobacillus can't tolerate high temperatures, the microecological preparations are generally required to be stored at room temperature and in a dry place. (8) Microecological preparations have a good effect on chicks, which can help them to establish a healthy microflora with normal intestinal tract as soon as possible. (9) It should be noted that the effect of feeding microecological preparations before and after the stress of poultry is best, which can effectively prevent the unbalance of the microecological flora or restore the ecological balance of the destroyed or unbalanced ecosystem.
5. Application prospects of microecological preparations Microecological preparations have their unique advantages. Their application will surely contribute to the supply of truly healthy and nutritious animal foods, ensure the health of the people, and greatly enrich the people's food baskets. Ecological agents have broad application prospects. As Professor Wei Wei, a well-known microbiologist and founder of China's microecology, predicts: “The era after brilliant antibiotics will be the era of viable agents.â€
In spite of this, microecological preparations are still an emerging product, the mechanism of action of microecological agents, the selection and breeding of the strains that make up the formulation, the formulation of the microecological preparations, the number of live bacteria in the preparations, the shelf life, the safety of the preparations and The effectiveness and research and exploration of anti-color animal microecological preparations and virus microecological preparations need to be further studied.
The application of microecological preparations was first seen in Japan. In the 1950s, there were "table feiming" and "milk enzyme". Its composition was streptococcus faecalis and was used to treat intestinal diseases. Since then, it has been used in livestock and poultry, and the United States has used feeding microorganisms since the 1970s. Research on probiotics in China began in the 1980s, but its application is in recent years. Relatively high starting point, rapid development, to study Lactobacillus, Bacillus based. In recent years, in the poultry breeding industry, animal microecological preparations have become more and more valued by people as a green feed additive, and have played a significant role in animal nutrition, crop growth, and environmental improvement, and have no toxic or side effects. Medicinal properties, no residue, significant effects and other characteristics gradually get the approval of the majority of farmers.