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Corn requires proper fertilization to ensure optimal growth and yield. Understanding the nutrient demands of corn at different growth stages is essential for effective fertilization.
From emergence to jointing, corn absorbs only a small portion of nutrients: about 2.5% nitrogen, 1.12% available phosphorus, and 3% potassium. However, during the jointing to flowering stage, it takes up the majority—51.15% nitrogen, 63.81% phosphorus, and an impressive 97% potassium. The final stage, from flowering to maturity, sees a significant drop in potassium uptake, with no potassium being absorbed.
The critical period for nutrient demand varies by element. Phosphorus is most crucial during the three-leaf stage, when the plant shifts from seed-based nutrition to soil-based. Nitrogen becomes more important later, during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. During these periods, even small imbalances can have lasting negative effects on development, making balanced nutrition vital.
The maximum nutrient efficiency occurs during the "big bellmouth" stage, when the plant absorbs nutrients at the fastest rate. This is the ideal time to apply fertilizer, as it has the greatest impact on yield. Proper timing and application during this phase can significantly boost production.
Throughout its growth cycle, corn requires a variety of minerals, with nitrogen being the most needed, followed by potassium and then phosphorus. For every 100 kg of grain produced, approximately 2.5 kg of nitrogen, 1.2 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 2 kg of potassium oxide are required. The N:P:K ratio is roughly 1:0.48:0.8.
To determine the right amount of fertilizer, farmers should first set a target yield based on soil fertility and historical yields. For example, if a plot produces 600 kg of corn per mu, it may require 15 kg of nitrogen, 7.2 kg of phosphorus, and 12 kg of potassium. Soil testing helps estimate how much of these nutrients are already available. If the soil contains 18 kg of nitrogen, 6 kg of phosphorus, and 13.5 kg of potassium, the actual fertilizer needs will be adjusted accordingly.
Fertilizer efficiency rates vary, with nitrogen having a 30–35% absorption rate, phosphorus 10–20%, and potassium 40–50%. Using these figures, farmers can calculate the exact amount of fertilizer to apply. For instance, if the soil provides 18 kg of nitrogen but the crop needs 15 kg, the actual fertilizer required would be around 14 kg.
Micronutrients like zinc are also important. Corn is highly sensitive to zinc deficiency, especially in acidic soils or where phosphate fertilizers have been used long-term. If the available zinc is below 0.5–1.0 mg/kg, zinc fertilizer should be applied. Common options include zinc sulfate and zinc chloride, either as a base fertilizer or seed treatment.
Fertilization methods include base fertilizer, seed dressing, and top-dressing. Base fertilizer typically includes organic matter, all phosphorus, one-third of nitrogen, and all potassium. Seed dressing involves applying fertilizer directly to seeds, while top-dressing is used to supplement nitrogen after the plant has started growing.
Top-dressing is divided into several stages: seedling, stalk, panicle, and grain fertilizer. The stalk fertilizer, applied shortly after jointing, promotes stem growth, while panicle fertilizer, applied before tasseling, supports ear development and grain filling.
By following these guidelines, farmers can optimize nutrient use, improve yield, and ensure sustainable corn production.