Antimicrobial drugs are a class of drugs used to treat infections caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These drugs work by either killing the microorganisms or inhibiting their growth and replication include antibacterial drug,antimicrobial agents,antimicrobial medicine,broad spectrum antimicrobial. antibacterial drug,antimicrobial agents,antimicrobial medicine,broad spectrum antimicrobial NANYANG CHENGPENG PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,LTD , https://www.chppharm.com
There are several types of antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, while antivirals are used to treat viral infections. Antifungals are used to treat fungal infections, and antiparasitics are used to treat parasitic infections.
Antimicrobial drugs can be administered orally, topically, or intravenously. The choice of drug and route of administration depends on the type and severity of the infection, the age and health status of the patient, and the sensitivity of the microorganism to the drug.
However, the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial drugs have led to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a major public health concern. To prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to use these drugs only when necessary and to follow proper prescribing guidelines.
In recent years, with the increasing popularity of cultured turbot in Western Europe, numerous breeding facilities have been established along coastal areas. These sites typically operate during a highly seasonal breeding period, usually concluding by July or August. However, the underutilization of these facilities for half the year has led to significant waste of human and material resources. In 2002, we decided to repurpose the turbot breeding sheds for a new purpose: cultivating sea cucumber seedlings.
The greenhouse was constructed with a brick and cement floor, featuring a "person"-shaped plastic roof divided into two layers. The inner layer was white plastic covered with straw, secured with ropes. The structure stretched 20 meters from north to south, housing two rows of octagonal pools on the southern side, each containing 10 units. Each pool measured 50 square meters, with drainage at the bottom. The total water volume reached 1,000 square meters, including 600 cubic meters for seedling cultivation, 400 cubic meters for bait, five aerators, four oxygenation tanks, one sand filter, and four deep-water wells.
For the parent stock, we sourced them from Long Island, selecting individuals that were dark brown with distinct color variation, measuring over 20 cm in length and weighing more than 250 grams. Their gonads were well-developed, with litchi-like structures and free-spreading eggs. A gonadal index above 10% and low fat content were key selection criteria.
Transportation was done using both dry and wet methods. Dry transport involved placing the adults in foam boxes lined with soft seaweed and crushed ice. Wet transport used tanks with seawater and ice. The journey was kept under eight hours, avoiding rough handling to prevent injury. Before entering the holding tanks, any minor scratches were treated with antibiotics like penicillin for 1–2 hours.
Holding density was maintained at 25–30 individuals per square meter, with water temperature between 16–17°C and salinity of 28–31‰. No feeding was provided, and micro-oxygenation was intermittent. Water was changed twice daily, with filtered inlet water and careful monitoring of fecal buildup. Over time, the temperature was gradually raised to 19°C, and lighting was dimmed to prevent clustering.
Spawning occurred naturally, typically between 7–11 PM. Adults climbed the walls and released eggs after male spawning. Eggs were collected and transferred to 20–21°C tanks for artificial insemination, then incubated. Fertilized eggs were kept at 0.8–1 cell/mL, with aeration every 30 minutes. Hatching rates averaged over 80%, with larvae developing into ear-shaped stages within 30 hours.
During larval rearing, food was introduced after 45–48 hours, starting with Chaetoceros and Dunaliella algae. Feeding frequency increased from 4 to 8 times per day, adjusting based on stomach content. Water levels were carefully managed, with gradual increases and regular changes to maintain quality.
Metamorphosis began after 7–9 days, transitioning from planktonic to benthic life. Juveniles were placed on PVC corrugated sheets or plastic films, pre-treated with sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate. Feeding shifted to sargassum and yeast-based diets, with adjustments based on size and growth.
Disease management included treating copepods with trichlorfon and preventing ulcers with penicillin and temperature control. By November, 6 million juveniles were released, generating a revenue of 1.2 million yuan, with a net profit of 975,000 yuan after costs.
This experiment proved successful, allowing year-round operations and optimizing resource use. It also provided a new income source for coastal communities. Using deep-sea water improved water quality and reduced disease, ensuring better survival rates and smoother nursery operations.