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In recent years, with the increasing popularity of cultured turbot in Western Europe, numerous turbot breeding facilities have been established along the coastline. These sites typically operate during a strong seasonal breeding period, usually ending in July and August. However, the underutilization of these facilities for half the year has led to significant waste of resources and manpower. In 2002, we decided to repurpose the turbot breeding shed for sea cucumber seedling trials, aiming to maximize facility use throughout the year.
The greenhouse was constructed with a brick and cement floor, featuring a "person"-shaped plastic roof divided into two layers. The inner layer was white plastic covered with straw and secured with ropes. The structure stretched 20 meters from north to south, with two rows of octagonal pools in the south, each containing 10 units. Each pool had an area of 50 square meters, with a drainage outlet at the bottom. The total water volume in the greenhouse reached 1,000 square meters, including 600 cubic meters for seedlings, 400 cubic meters for bait cultivation, five aerators, four oxygen tanks, one sand filter, and four deep-water wells.
For the parent stock, we sourced them from Long Island, selecting dark brown individuals with clear variegation, body length over 20 cm, and weight of at least 250 grams. They were chosen based on fully developed gonads that resembled litchi-like structures, with thickened ends and freely released eggs. Gonadal indices were above 10%, and they were free of fat.
Transportation involved either dry or wet methods using foam boxes. For dry transport, individuals were placed at the bottom of the box with soft seaweed and crushed ice. Wet transport used seawater and crushed ice as well. The journey was kept under 8 hours, avoiding any damage. Upon arrival, minor scratches were treated with antibiotics like penicillin for 1–2 hours to prevent infection.
Temporary holding was done at 25–30 individuals per square meter, with water temperatures between 16–17°C and salinity of 28–31‰. No food was provided, and micro-oxygenation was intermittent. Water was changed twice daily, with a 200-mesh filter. Temperature changes were limited to 0.5–1°C. After 7–8 days, the temperature was gradually increased to 19°C, and lighting was dimmed to prevent clustering.
Spawning was conducted naturally, with parents releasing eggs between 7:00 PM and 11:00 PM. Spawning tanks were kept dark, and after egg release, males and females were separated. Eggs were collected and artificially fertilized before being incubated. The hatching rate averaged over 80%.
Larval rearing began after 45–48 hours, with feeding starting using Chaetoceros and Dunaliella algae. Feeding frequency increased from 4 to 8 times per day, adjusting based on larval stomach content. Water levels were gradually raised, and regular water changes helped maintain quality.
Metamorphosis occurred within 7–9 days, with larvae developing into juvenile forms. Juveniles were attached to PVC corrugated sheets or plastic films, pre-treated with sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate. Feeding included benthic diatoms and sargassum extracts, with adjustments based on size and development.
Disease management focused on copepods and ulceration. Treatments included Trichlorfon and penicillin, alongside temperature control. By November, 6 million juveniles were released, generating a revenue of 1.2 million yuan, with a net profit of 975,000 yuan after costs.
This experiment demonstrated the potential for year-round production, improving resource utilization and providing new opportunities for coastal communities. The use of deep well seawater significantly improved water quality and survival rates, especially during hot periods.