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I. Pond Selection
The selected pond should be easily accessible, located near the city or urban area, and surrounded by a clean and healthy environment. There should be no high-voltage power lines above the pond or tall trees nearby that might cast shadows or interfere with fish activity. The pond area should be between 5 to 10 mu (approximately 3.3 to 6.7 hectares), with a water depth of about 2 meters. It's recommended to have more than two ponds for better management. The water source must be of high quality and meet the standards set by NY5051-2001, ensuring it is safe and suitable for aquaculture.
II. Pond Disinfection
Before stocking, the pond needs to be thoroughly cleaned. Remove all silt and weeds around the edges. It's best to install block stones or perforated plates on the pond floor to prevent sediment buildup. Prior to introducing fish, treat the pond with quicklime at a rate of 75–100 kg per mu or bleaching powder at 3–5 kg per mu. This helps eliminate wild fish and pathogens, improving the overall health of the pond’s sediment.
III. Fish Stocking
Fish stocking is typically done at the end of winter and early spring. Additional fish can be added as needed based on the existing population and pond capacity. A multi-species polyculture system is recommended, where different fish species occupying various water layers are raised together. Common species include grass carp (2 kg per fish), common carp (0.5 kg per fish), and silver carp (0.25 kg per fish). Additionally, 90 mu of carp and 30 catfish per mu are stocked to maximize resource use and maintain water quality. For effective control of wild fish and sick fish, 20 pairs of carp (or black carp) and 20 crucian carp per mu, along with 100 snappers per mu, are introduced. Stocking density should not exceed 500 kg per mu. If the water quality is good or there is an aeration system in place, this amount can be slightly increased. All fish must be disinfected before stocking, usually by soaking them in a 3% saline solution for 7–10 minutes.
IV. Water Quality Improvement
Maintaining good water quality is essential for successful fish farming. The pond should have a vertical structure to prevent floating heads and flooding. Water transparency should be between 30–40 cm, with a pH level of 7.0–8.0 and dissolved oxygen above 5 mg/L. To improve water quality, regularly add fresh water, operate aerators for 1–2 hours during noon, apply photosynthetic bacteria, or sprinkle lime water and zeolite powder. Planting aquatic plants such as water spinach, water hyacinth, lotus, and duckweed can also help regulate water quality and provide natural food sources.
V. Rational Feeding
Feed should be nutritionally balanced, containing over 32% protein and less than 10% moisture, preferably in pellet form. Feeding should follow the "timing, location, quality, and quantity" principle. Feed in the late afternoon, around 4–5 PM, at designated feeding points. The daily feed amount should be 1.5–2% of the total pond biomass. Consistent and controlled feeding ensures optimal growth and reduces waste.
VI. Disease Prevention and Control
Disease prevention is key in fish farming. The use of chemical drugs is discouraged. Focus should be placed on prevention through proper pond disinfection, fingerling treatment, and regular water quality monitoring. Maintain a reasonable fish density, generally below 500 kg per mu. Strictly control the entry of fish to avoid introducing pathogens. Handle fish carefully during transport to minimize injury. Use eco-friendly treatments like herbal medicines, biological agents, salt, and lime to manage diseases effectively while keeping the environment sustainable.