Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a binder (or vehicle), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment and gives the paint its adhesion.
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In recent years, the variety and number of pests and diseases affecting jujube trees have been on the rise, making it essential to implement chemical control measures during the growing season. However, this approach often leads to high chemical input, increased labor costs, and potential pesticide residues, which are not in line with the standards for producing green, organic fruits. By understanding the overwintering habits of these pests and diseases, and integrating them with winter management practices, we can achieve more effective and efficient pest control.
1. **Clear the Garden**: Pests such as jujube rust, green-lipped iridescent grasshoppers, and date moths often overwinter in fallen leaves, weeds, or debris under the trees. After the tree sheds its leaves, it's crucial to clear the garden thoroughly—removing all litter, rotten fruit, and weeds. These materials should be burned or buried deeply to prevent reinfestation.
2. **Dig and Remove Insects**: Some pests, like the peach borer and jujube stepworm, overwinter in the soil around the tree trunk. During the period before the ground freezes and after it thaws, combine deep tilling with manual removal of these pests. Collecting and destroying them can significantly reduce their population in the following season.
3. **Scrape Old Bark**: The temperature beneath the bark is typically 1–3 degrees warmer than the surrounding air, making it a favorable habitat for pests like the red spider and jujube psyllid. Scraping off the old bark not only helps eliminate these pests but also promotes healthy tree growth. This should be done before the buds begin to open. A plastic sheet should be placed under the tree to collect the removed bark and insects, which should then be burned or buried.
4. **Whitewash the Trunk**: Painting the trunk white serves multiple purposes: it protects against cold, prevents sunscald, and acts as a deterrent to pests and diseases. A common whitewash mixture includes 12 parts quicklime (mixed with cold water), 2 parts sulfur or 3 parts lime sulfur stock solution, 2 parts salt (dissolved in hot water), 36 parts water, and a small amount of glue. Lime and sulfur help prevent freezing, sunburn, and disease while killing insects. Salt aids in moisture retention and prevents the lime from cracking. Adding glue improves adhesion. The whitewashing should cover the trunk up to the branches, especially where bark has been scraped, to prevent branch tip drying.
5. **Block Tree Holes**: Old tree holes provide ideal breeding grounds for pests such as the young armyworm. In winter, mix 10 parts clay with 3 parts chopped wheat straw and a small amount of insecticide. Apply this mixture to seal the holes, effectively trapping and killing any overwintering pests.
6. **Prune Infested Branches**: During winter pruning, remove branches that are damaged by wax scale insects. For heavily infested large branches, use a wire brush to scrape off the overwintering scales. Similarly, cut off the mites that overwinter on the yellow thorn moth.
7. **Apply Spraying Agents**: Due to the waxy coating on turtle scale insects, they are resistant to many conventional pesticides. A diesel emulsion can be used to effectively control them. Before the jujube trees start sprouting, spray the entire tree with Bami 5-degree lime sulfur, ensuring even and thorough coverage. This treatment helps control pests such as red spider mites and pear psyllids.