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**Bougainvillea spectabilis** – commonly known as Bougainvillea, Paper Flower, or Red Dragonfly – is a vibrant and popular ornamental plant native to Brazil but widely cultivated in China and other warm regions. It thrives in a warm and humid climate, with a minimum temperature of 3°C for safe winter survival. For optimal flowering, it requires temperatures above 15°C. This evergreen climbing shrub prefers plenty of sunlight and can adapt to various soils, though it favors well-drained, mineral-rich clay loam. It is resilient to poor soil conditions, alkalinity, drought, and even neglect, but it does not tolerate waterlogging.
The plant features thorny branches that grow in an arching manner, covered with dense hair. Its leaves are alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, and have smooth edges. The showy parts of the plant are actually colorful bracts, which appear at the tips of the stems and are often grouped in clusters of three. These bracts are ovoid in shape, typically purple-red, and measure 3–3.5 cm in length. The actual flowers are tubular, light yellow, and densely hairy. The flowering period is exceptionally long, making it a favorite for gardens and landscapes.
Propagation is usually done through cuttings, air-layering, or grafting. Cuttings taken between March and June generally root within 7–14 days. Air-layering involves girdling a 1–1.5 cm wide section of the bark, and roots typically form within about a month. Planting is best done in spring. During the growing season, regular pruning helps promote flower bud development and encourages the growth of lateral branches.
For potted plants, the ideal temperature range is 15–30°C. The plant’s large, colorful blooms make it a striking addition to gardens, bonsai collections, hedges, or decorative shapes. It is also used in landscaping for its visual appeal and long-lasting flowers. Another species in the same genus, *Bougainvillea glabra* (commonly called the "light triangle"), is also cultivated. Notably, the bougainvillea is the national flower of Zambia, symbolizing beauty and resilience.