The purpose of animal and plant genetic engineering is to obtain transgenic plants and animals. The goal of the work of transgenic plants is an excellent plant variety. The objective of the work of transgenic animals is not only the excellent animal species but also one aspect of the experimental animals as a gene therapy, and the discussion here will be limited to the former.
?? First talk about transgenic animals. I am afraid that no one has ever been able to cure a genetic disease of a domestic animal, so there is no need to introduce foreign genes into any body cells. In addition, the so-called "excellent" species is an animal whose excellent genetic traits can be transmitted from generation to generation. Therefore, cells that receive foreign genes should naturally be germ cells, which are generally fertilized eggs. Due to the large size of the egg cell, which facilitates microinjection, microinjection is a common technique for the introduction of foreign genes in transgenic animal research work.
The first transgenic animal was a mouse that received the growth hormone gene. The levels of hormones in transgenic mice are significantly higher and their body sizes are particularly large.
This genetic trait in transgenic mice can be passed on to its offspring. The introduction of the growth hormone gene into fertilized eggs of mice born short due to the lack of growth hormone can cure this dwarf condition to give normal-sized mice.
For the purpose of improving varieties, growth hormone transgenic studies have also been carried out in livestock. Pigs that have received the somatotropin gene from cattle have good performance in successive generations. For example, both the daily weight gain and the rearing efficiency are higher than those of non-transgenic varieties, and subcutaneous fat is also significantly reduced.
Although the transgenic pigs have improved in production traits, but the regular high-level hormones in the blood also have adverse effects, such as gastric ulcer, arthritis, dermatitis and kidney disease, so how to play the growth hormone growth promotion Functionality to avoid its adverse effects must also be studied in terms of gene expression, feeding management, and pathology. In addition to improved livestock breeds, transgenic animals can also be used to produce some precious proteins instead of fermented mash. Its principle is to express foreign genes in the mammary gland of animals and extract the desired protein from the emulsion. A sheep can produce 1,000 liters a year, a goat can produce 2000 liters a year, and a cow can produce 6,000 liters a year, so a sheep is equivalent to a fermented pot of 1 ton, and a cow is quite For a 6-ton fermented mash. If a sheep or a cow is raised, as long as it feeds some grass, it does not have to be fermented as it is produced in fermentation. It requires water and electricity to consume fermented raw materials. British pharmaceutical protein company uses this method to test transgenic sheep for the production of human antitrypsin factor, which can obtain 35 grams of this protein per liter of goat milk.
China's work on transgenic animals is mainly focused on pigs and fish. Pigs are the most important livestock in our country. The annual breeding volume reaches more than 300 million heads. The annual consumption of grain is 100 million tons. If we can increase the production efficiency of pigs by 20%, the saved grain will be considerable. Fish is an important source of protein and food for the people of our country, and it is also the highest efficiency of feed conversion in all domestic animals. If fish breeds with excellent characteristics can be cultivated, fish farming can be expanded and pig raising can be reduced. From a strategic point of view, fish is the solution to animals. The best way to supply food.
In the 10 years since the implementation of the 863 plan, more than 10% of genetically modified pigs have been screened out of 72 transgenic pigs for breeding, and 215 second- and fourth-generation transgenic pigs have been obtained. The level of production of core population of transgenic pigs is higher than that of non-transgenic pigs. 20%, laid the foundation for the production of transgenic pigs.
During the 10 years, thousands of transgenic fish were obtained in various fish such as squid, squid, and squid. Their growth rate was 10% to 50% higher than that of non-transgenic fish, and they saved 10% of their diets, and their genetic traits were stable. There are dozens of laboratories in the world that carry out research on genetically modified fish. The growth hormone genes they use are all from mammals or humans. The promoters used are mostly from mice or viruses. Researchers at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences have adopted fish. Growth hormone genes and promoters derived from fish have resulted in whole fish-type transgenic fish, making it easier for transgenic fish to enter the market as soon as possible. However, fish are not reared like pigs, and once the fish are put into fish ponds or rivers, they cannot be controlled. Therefore, from an ecological point of view, the production of transgenic fish is more research-intensive than that of transgenic pigs.
Since the introduction of transgenic mice in 1982, research on transgenic animals has made remarkable achievements in many fields. Generally speaking, the operation of transgenic animals can be simply divided into four types according to different purposes: (1) disease-type transgenic animals; (2) use of transgenic animal medicine; (3) animal improvement; (4) basic biology the study.

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