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Copper plays a vital role in the growth and development of wheat. As an essential trace element, it is a key component of various enzymes within the plant. Copper helps increase chlorophyll content, enhancing photosynthesis in the chloroplasts. It also supports protein synthesis and improves the plant's resistance to cold, drought, lodging, and fungal diseases. A deficiency in copper can lead to weak root development, yellowing leaves, poor grain filling, delayed maturity, deformed ears, and empty grains, all of which significantly reduce yield.
Soil conditions vary widely, and many types of soil suffer from copper deficiency. Sandy soils, for example, tend to have low copper content and are more prone to deficiency. Alkaline soils have low copper solubility, making it difficult for plants to absorb. In lime soils, copper often forms insoluble compounds like copper hydroxide. In peat or swampy soils with high organic matter, copper may bind with organic acids, forming insoluble complexes that reduce its availability. Therefore, when growing wheat on these soils, it is important to supplement with copper-based fertilizers.
The most commonly used copper fertilizer is copper sulfate, also known as blue vitriol. It is a blue crystalline substance with a copper content of about 24-25%. It dissolves easily in water and can be applied as a base fertilizer or used for seed soaking and foliar application.
For base fertilizer application, use 1.5 to 2 kilograms of copper sulfate per acre. After grinding, mix it with fine soil and spread it evenly over the field before plowing it into the topsoil. This method provides long-term benefits, lasting 3 to 4 years. For seed soaking, prepare a 0.01% copper sulfate solution and soak the seeds for 12 to 24 hours.
For foliar application, during the seedling, green-up, and jointing stages of wheat, spray a solution of 0.01–0.02% copper sulfate, adding 0.015% slaked lime to prevent phytotoxicity. Apply approximately 50–75 kg of solution per acre. This approach ensures efficient nutrient uptake and enhances overall plant health.