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The standard for high-quality and high-yield silkworm cocoons includes a low scab rate, large size, and good quality. However, in actual production, several challenges often arise: (1) A low crusting rate is common. Despite starting with 25,000 eggs, various factors such as disease, pests, and human error during hatching, feeding, and cocooning can lead to losses. As a result, the final yield may fall below 20,000 cocoons, with losses reaching up to 25%. (2) Some silkworms may be underdeveloped or small, with more than 1,000 grains per kilogram due to poor nutrition, uncomfortable environments, or improper handling. (3) Poor-quality cooking equipment, outdated techniques, and improper conditions during the process can affect the thickness of the cocoon layer, the lid rate, and the decompression, ultimately lowering the overall quality.
To achieve high-quality and high-yield cocoons, it's essential to focus on the "three good" principles: living well, eating well, and being well-prepared.
**1. Live Well**
**1.1 Silkworm Room Conditions**
Each silkworm requires a room of about 15 square meters, with good ventilation, uniform lighting, and easy access for disinfection and temperature/humidity control. It’s also important to prepare appropriate feeding areas for the silkworms.
**1.2 Temperature and Humidity Control**
During the early stages, the temperature should be maintained at 26–28°C, with a dry-wet bulb difference of 0.5–1°C. In later stages, the ideal temperature is 23–25°C, with a dry-wet bulb difference of 2–3°C.
**1.3 Disinfection and Disease Prevention**
Thorough disinfection is crucial before and after each cycle. Regular use of medicinal feed can help prevent diseases. After the sericulture ends, all pathogens must be completely eliminated to prevent future outbreaks.
**2. Eat Well**
**2.1 Planning and Preparation**
A proper plan must be made based on the availability of mulberry leaves, the size of the silkworm room, and labor resources. This ensures a balanced supply of food and silkworms. For every 35 kg of cocoons, approximately 650–700 kg of mulberry leaves are needed in spring, and 600 kg in summer and autumn.
**2.2 Quality Mulberry Leaves**
Fresh, properly cooked, and well-grown mulberry leaves are essential for producing high-quality cocoons. Leaves should be collected from the top buds of young silkworms, with specific leaf counts depending on the instar stage. They should be harvested early in the morning and late in the evening, avoiding midday when the leaves may wilt. Transport and storage should be done carefully, with leaves not stored for more than 24 hours.
**2.3 Feeding Practices**
Silkworms should be fed four times daily during the early stages, with the amount adjusted according to their growth. In the later stages, feeding should increase to 5–6 times a day. Proper management, including timely sleep treatment and sand removal, is essential for healthy development.
**3. Be Well Prepared**
**3.1 Appropriate Equipment**
Each silkworm species should have suitable tools, such as a 75kg grid or 50 cages, to ensure proper space and support during the cocooning phase.
**3.2 Suitable Environment**
It's best to use a well-ventilated and well-lit room, ideally 25–30 square meters per species, for optimal temperature and humidity control.
**3.3 Climate Control**
The ideal temperature range is 20–25°C, with a dry-wet bulb difference of 2–3°C. Maintaining this environment helps ensure strong and healthy cocoons.
**3.4 Timely Harvesting and Selling**
After the last molt, when the silkworms turn reddish-brown, they should be harvested within seven days. The cocoons should be handled gently, avoiding plastic bags. Baskets or woven containers are the best options for transport and storage.