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The annual "Three Summers" planting season has officially begun, a critical period when farmers rush to sow crops. During my recent visits to farms and interactions with local farmers, I noticed several common misconceptions about the proper use of chemical fertilizers. These misunderstandings not only reduce fertilizer efficiency but can also harm crops and lead to lower yields. As the busy planting season continues, it's essential for farmers to be aware of these six common mistakes and avoid them when applying fertilizers.
1. **Using calcium superphosphate as seed fertilizer** – Calcium superphosphate contains 3.5-5% free acid, which can damage seeds and reduce germination rates. It is best applied as a top dressing, placed 8-10 cm below or beside the seeds to prevent direct contact with the seed.
2. **Spreading urea and ammonium bicarbonate on the surface** – Urea needs to be converted into ammonium nitrogen before plants can absorb it. To maximize its effectiveness, it should be applied in furrows and covered. For foliar sprays, the concentration matters: 0.8–1% for rice, cotton, and corn, and 0.3–0.5% for vegetables. Ammonium bicarbonate, if left on the surface, can volatilize quickly, releasing ammonia that harms plant leaves. The correct approach is to apply it at a depth of about 10 cm.
3. **Applying potassium fertilizer alone** – Potassium sulfate and potassium chloride are weakly acidic and tend to be fixed by soil particles, making it hard for plants to absorb. Combining potassium with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers improves nutrient availability, especially in poor soils where phosphorus is lacking.
4. **Applying calcium magnesium phosphate as a top dressing** – This type of fertilizer works slowly and is not ideal for late-season applications. It should be used as a base fertilizer mixed with organic matter to provide long-term benefits and support steady crop growth.
5. **Mixing zinc fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer** – Zinc sulfate and superphosphate have an antagonistic relationship, reducing the effectiveness of both. To avoid this, apply phosphate as a base fertilizer and zinc as a top dressing, or vice versa, depending on crop needs.
6. **Using chlorine-containing fertilizers on sensitive crops** – Crops like sugarcane, tobacco, watermelon, and citrus are sensitive to chloride. Applying ammonium chloride or potassium chloride can cause problems such as reduced sugar content, poor burning quality, leaf discoloration, and even plant death. These fertilizers are better suited for chlorine-tolerant crops like rice, corn, and cotton.
As the "Three Summers" season progresses, farmers must take care to follow best practices in fertilizer application. Avoiding these six common mistakes can significantly improve crop health and yield, ensuring a more successful harvest. Let’s work together to make every planting moment count.