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The annual "Three Summers" period—when farmers rush to plant crops—is underway. While visiting farms and offering guidance on the scientific use of chemical fertilizers, I noticed that some farmers still have misconceptions about their proper application. These misunderstandings lead to inefficient fertilizer use, sometimes even harming crops and reducing yields. To help farmers make the most of this critical season, it's important to avoid six common mistakes when applying fertilizers.
First, many farmers mistakenly use calcium superphosphate as seed fertilizer. This fertilizer contains 3.5–5% free acid, which can harm seeds and reduce germination rates. Instead, it should be applied 8–10 cm below or beside the seeds to prevent direct contact.
Second, some spread urea or ammonium bicarbonate on the surface. Urea needs to be converted into ammonium nitrogen before plants can absorb it, so it should be placed in furrows and covered. For foliar sprays, the concentration matters: rice, cotton, and corn should be sprayed with a 0.8–1% solution, while vegetables need a lower concentration of 0.3–0.5%. Ammonium bicarbonate, if left on the surface, tends to volatilize quickly, releasing ammonia gas that can damage crop leaves. It’s better to apply it 10 cm deep in the soil.
Third, some farmers only use potassium fertilizer without combining it with nitrogen or phosphate. Potassium sulfate and chloride are weakly acidic and tend to bind with soil particles, making them less available to plants. Mixing them with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers improves effectiveness, especially in poor soils like mountainous or newly reclaimed land.
Fourth, applying calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer as a top dressing is not effective. It works slowly and is best used as a base fertilizer mixed with organic matter. This ensures a steady release of nutrients and supports long-term crop growth.
Fifth, mixing zinc fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer can reduce efficiency. Zinc sulfate and superphosphate have an antagonistic effect, which limits zinc absorption. To avoid this, use phosphorus as a base fertilizer and zinc as a top-dressing, or vice versa, depending on the crop’s needs.
Lastly, some farmers apply chlorinated fertilizers to crops that are sensitive to chlorine, such as sugarcane, tobacco, watermelon, and citrus. Chloride ions can reduce sugar content in sugarcane and watermelon, lower the burning quality of tobacco, and cause chronic poisoning in citrus, leading to yellowing leaves and stunted growth. Chlorine-tolerant crops like rice, corn, and cotton are better suited for these fertilizers.
By avoiding these common mistakes, farmers can maximize fertilizer efficiency, protect their crops, and ensure better harvests during the busy “Three Summers†season.