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Corn plants often face growth issues due to the deficiency of essential nutrients throughout their growing period, which can significantly affect their development, quality, and yield. Proper nutrient management is crucial for ensuring healthy and productive corn crops.
First, nitrogen deficiency is one of the most common problems. When corn lacks nitrogen during the seedling stage, the plants grow slowly, have thin and yellow-green leaves, and delay in tasseling. During the vegetative growth phase, older leaves turn yellow from the tip to the base, forming a "V" shape. The leaf margins remain green and slightly curled before eventually dying from burning. To manage this, in medium fertility fields, it's recommended to apply 11–13 kg of pure nitrogen per acre. In summer corn, the nitrogen should be applied in three stages: 20% at the seedling stage, 70% during the dough stage, and 10% at the tasseling and flowering stage.
Second, phosphorus deficiency leads to poor root development and slow seedling growth. Symptoms typically appear after the fifth leaf stage, with purple discoloration on the leaves, especially at the tips and edges. This deficiency can also cause delayed silking, reduced pollination, malformed ears, and poor grain filling. A general recommendation is to apply 5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide per acre, usually mixed with nitrogen fertilizer at the seedling stage.
Third, potassium deficiency causes weak root systems, stunted growth, and light green or yellowish striped leaves. Severe cases lead to purple discoloration along the leaf edges and tips, followed by drying and burning. Leaves may become wrinkled, and the plant becomes more susceptible to diseases and lodging. For prevention, 6–8 kg of potassium oxide per acre is typically applied, again combined with nitrogen fertilizer at the seedling stage.
Fourth, zinc deficiency is characterized by white seedlings, especially between the third and fifth leaf stages. Young leaves appear pale yellow or white, particularly at the base, and severe cases result in white spots, necrotic patches, and brittle leaves. To address this, zinc sulfate can be applied as a base fertilizer (1–2 kg per acre mixed with soil), used for seed coating (40–60 g per 10 kg of seeds), or sprayed as a foliar solution at 0.2% concentration during key growth stages like seedling, jointing, and heading.
Lastly, boron deficiency causes underdeveloped roots, short plants, and translucent, white streaks on upper leaves. It can also inhibit tassel development and result in deformed ears with empty kernels. To correct this, borax or boric acid can be top-dressed at 0.5 kg per acre or sprayed as a foliar application at 0.1%–0.3% concentration, with 0.2% being the most commonly used rate.
Proper identification and timely correction of these nutrient deficiencies are essential for maximizing corn yield and quality. Regular soil testing and targeted fertilization can help farmers ensure that their crops receive the right balance of nutrients throughout the growing season.