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In the early stages of orchard development, it's essential to focus on two key aspects: trunk development and fruit-bearing capacity. During the initial growth phase, the trunk should not be too rough. In the first year after planting, a winter pruning is necessary to promote trunk development. The tree height should be around 1.5 meters, with a trunk diameter of about 2.5 cm at 50 cm above the ground. Each lateral branch should bear approximately 7 kg of fruit, with around 7 branches left per tree. If the trunk reaches 2 meters in height, with a diameter of 3 cm at 1 meter above the ground, then the horizontal branches should be around 15 cm in length, with all knots less than 50 cm. For flower bud formation, chopsticks that are crisp and firm are preferred. If the sapling is shorter than 50 cm, more than 50 cm is better, and knots between 50 to 70 cm long are ideal for balanced fruit load. All peach branches should droop downward at an angle of about 45 degrees, directing the tree’s energy to the base, encouraging the growth of restraining branches, and ensuring that fruits grow on the front side of the branches. Otherwise, the peaches may not stand upright and could become crowded, causing issues during summer.
If the trunk height is less than 1.5 meters, the quality of flower buds tends to be poor, and the second-tier branches will be sparse. In such cases, trunks with a stem diameter less than 40 cm should not be pruned or manipulated. Also, no fruit should be placed within 30 cm of the main trunk to prevent bending and damage to the trunk’s growth. This approach ensures a reasonable fruit load, balancing new shoot growth with early fruit production.
When the trunk reaches a height of 1.5 meters and the branches become thick, the tree has completed its construction phase. At this point, the yield can be set at about 50 pounds per tree. The yield per mu (about 667 square meters) can remain stable, with high-quality peaches reaching up to 10,000 pounds per mu. The length of the branches should be maintained between 30 to 50 cm for optimal growth.
Nutrient supply must also align with the tree’s potential and production capacity. When planting, apply grass or rapeseed as a base fertilizer, followed by high-quality amino acid solutions applied directly to the trunk every 15–20 days, about 10 times a year. Combine this with foliar sprays using 300-times diluted amino acids, and apply amino acids underground as well. Using a combination of organic, inorganic, and biological fertilizers helps ensure good nutrient accumulation in the tree, ultimately improving the quality of the peaches.
Water management is equally important. Watering should be carefully controlled based on the tree’s needs. There are several critical periods when watering is essential. Winter watering helps improve nutrient absorption, cold resistance, and flower bud differentiation, while also aiding in fruit set and early fruit development. No water or fertilizer should be given before flowering. Watering in the sixth month can increase the tree’s drought resistance and help prevent excessive fruit drop and sunburn. This is also the time when peach tips stop growing, young peaches (mid to late season) expand rapidly, and new roots grow significantly, making this period particularly crucial for nutrient absorption. One month before harvest, avoid heavy watering, as it can dilute sugar content and reduce fruit flavor. Based on observations from the Loess Plateau over many years, only a few key watering periods are necessary annually, allowing the tree to maintain consistent vigor without excessive water use—provided the grass is still growing.
Finally, maintaining balance is essential. Two key points need attention: above and below the ground, meaning the balance between the tree’s root system and canopy. First, assess the amount of new shoots on the tree. If more than 60% of the new growth cannot be controlled by the end of June, you should reduce watering, limit fertilizer application, cut back grass less frequently, and combine amino acid treatments with trunk applications. Increase artificial branching and dwarfing techniques to control growth and achieve a balanced distribution of resources. Avoid applying large amounts of water or fertilizer, and do not force control or overly thin out the tree, as this can lead to weakened growth or even tree death. Second, properly managing the shape of peach trees is crucial. If not managed correctly, they may become weak due to their strong apical dominance and ability to produce multiple flushes of growth each year. To balance the upper and lower branches, train a sharp, sturdy trunk with a thick upper portion and small growth points (including both the fruit and budding buds), while ensuring the lower growth points are more numerous. Once the tree structure is complete and these standards are met, annual maintenance and investment will significantly decrease.