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Chayote, a perennial herb commonly grown in its native regions, typically cannot survive the winter in northern China. As a result, it is usually cultivated for only one season, with harvests ending before the first frost—usually around late October in Shandong. This leads to lower yields, as less than one-third of the melons mature and produce significantly reduced output. To overcome this challenge, chayote is now often grown in greenhouses during winter. This method allows all the fruits to fully ripen in the same year, while the roots and stems survive the winter. The following spring, the plants can produce an additional quarter of the yield, making this approach highly profitable.
In the first year of perennial cultivation, after harvesting in early November, the focus shifts to winter care. Key steps include: 1) pruning the vines by cutting them back to about 2 meters or laying them flat on the ground, removing excess parts, and clearing the trellis. Then, the soil should be prepared for overwintering crops. 2) protecting the roots by turning the soil at least 30 cm away from the main root to ensure new buds can develop. 3) maintaining greenhouse temperatures to encourage new growth, which will flower in March. With artificial pollination, the fruits can be harvested in April, yielding over 300 kg per plant.
For tender stem cultivation, chayote can be harvested almost year-round, with peak production between April and October. If there’s no frost, a small harvest may occur in January. In northern greenhouses, annual production is possible.
The ideal planting time is between August and October, when chayote buds begin to age, making them suitable for planting. Choose fertile, well-drained land and apply organic fertilizer to enhance yield and quality. Plant spacing should be 70-100 cm apart, with holes 30 cm deep and wide. Add 10 kg of organic fertilizer per hole, cover with 10 cm of loam, and place the seed melon flat. Use 2-3 seeds per hole, with more than two-fifths exposed if they are 3 cm or longer.
To maximize yield and quality, regular top-dressing with organic or nitrogen-based fertilizers is essential. Apply 1-2 times a month, using 20 cm outside the root area, or 300 kg of compound fertilizer per hectare. Keep the soil consistently moist. In southern regions without frost, open-field cultivation is feasible. In the north, greenhouses must be built before frost, and temperatures should be maintained between 20°C and 30°C to avoid cold damage.
Harvest occurs when the temperature is above 20°C and humidity exceeds 80%, promoting rapid growth. When the tender stems reach about 40 cm, they can be cut. Leave 1-2 base leaves to encourage further growth and continuous production.