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Winter cultivation of open green onions involves specific technical guidelines to ensure high yield and quality. This article, originally published in December 2008, provides insights into the best practices for growing Welsh onions in different regions of China.
In northern China, onions are typically sown in autumn and harvested in summer, while winter is considered the prime season for producing high-quality Welsh onions. In warmer southern areas, onions can be sown in spring or autumn and harvested during winter. This method not only ensures a good yield but also results in better quality and longer storage life.
To cultivate strong seedlings, it's essential to provide an effective growth period of 80 to 90 days. Selecting varieties with strong resistance and commercial value, such as Zhangqiu Onion Series, Gaojiabai, Huaxian Gulei, Sanyeqi, and Japanese onion, is crucial. Seeds should be soaked and sown on a seedbed, with careful control of temperature and humidity. Proper fertilization and irrigation help the seedlings survive the winter safely.
In early spring, when the seedlings have three leaves, they should be transplanted. After watering, apply fertilizer promptly. The first topdressing should occur in late April, using 150 kg/ha of urea, combined with watering. Avoid using ammonium bicarbonate to prevent leaf burn. Water every 7–10 days and apply fertilizer after each watering, using 200–300 kg/ha of urea. By mid-May, the plants are ready for transplanting.
For spring-sown seedlings, the first fertilizer application should take place in late April, with 150 kg/ha of urea or 4,500–7,500 kg/ha of decomposed manure. As the plants grow, increase the fertilizer to 300 kg/ha. Every 10 days, water once and stop fertilizing in early June to harden off the seedlings. This helps strengthen the onion leaves and improve their resistance to wind and disease. After 20–25 days of hardening, apply a final dose of fertilizer 10 days before planting, known as the “married†fertilizer, which prepares the seedlings for transplanting and regreening.
To enhance disease resistance, foliar sprays can be used. For example, dissolve 110 kg of wood ash in 225 kg of water and spray 2,250 kg of the solution over the plants every 7 days for 2–3 applications. Alternatively, use a 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution to promote healthy growth and resilience.
Soil preparation is critical for successful onion cultivation. Choose fields that haven’t been planted with onions or garlic in the past three years. Remove crop residues, deep plow the soil, and mix in decomposed organic fertilizer. Apply 35,000–50,000 kg/ha of organic manure, 1,500 kg/ha of plant ash, and 375 kg/ha of superphosphate. Ensure the field is level and free of pests by using biological pesticides if necessary.
When transplanting, select seedlings that weigh around 40 grams, stand about 50 cm tall, have light blue stems, and show 5–6 dark green tubular leaves. These characteristics indicate a healthy, vigorous plant.
After planting, avoid excessive watering during the hot summer months. Instead, perform shallow cultivation to loosen the soil and remove weeds to improve air circulation.
Onions require consistent fertilization throughout their long growing season. During the early growth stage, apply a leaf fertilizer using 225–300 kg/ha of compound fertilizer or 225 kg/ha of urea and potassium sulfate. Alternatively, use 15,000–22,500 kg/ha of decomposed organic fertilizer. Apply this to the furrows and mix it with the soil, then water to support rapid growth.
By early September, the onions enter their peak growth phase, and additional fertilization is needed. Apply a similar amount of fertilizer as the first application, and create ridges on both sides of the plants. Water thoroughly to meet the increased demand for nutrients.
From late September to early October, the onions begin storing energy and increasing in size. This is also the time when wheat intercropping occurs in Shandong. To ensure adequate nutrients for both crops, apply another round of fertilizer. Use 60,000–75,000 kg/ha of organic fertilizer along with 375 kg/ha of compound fertilizer or 100–150 kg/ha of urea, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate. This dual-purpose fertilizer supports both high-quality onion production and healthy wheat growth.
By October, the plants have reached their full potential, and no further topdressing is required. With proper care and timely management, growers can achieve excellent yields and superior quality.