Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons.
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In the summer, apple orchards experience a critical growth phase characterized by high temperatures and heavy rainfall. This period is crucial for the development of fruit and the overall health of the trees. During this time, several key management practices should be carried out to ensure optimal growth and yield.
First, continued summer pruning is essential. It involves removing dense branches and crossing limbs, as well as topping and hanging branches on heavily productive trees to prevent branch splitting or breaking. To control excessive growth and promote flower bud formation, apply paclobutrazol (PBO) at 200 times dilution or 150-200 times dilution of 2-3 sprays every 10-15 days starting from the early stage of autumn shoot growth. This helps regulate growth and encourages better flowering.
Second, foliar fertilization is highly effective. Products like amino acid fertilizer and Tianda 2116 are recommended. These can be mixed with most alkaline pesticides and fungicides and applied at least twice, with an interval of about 10 days. This enhances nutrient absorption directly through the leaves, boosting tree health and fruit quality.
Third, top-dressing under the trees is important. For each fruit produced, apply 2-3 kg of specialized fruit tree fertilizer. For mid-season varieties, it's crucial to prevent fruit drop before harvest. Starting in early August, spray a solution of 30-40 ppm naphthylacetate. In case of heavy rain, ensure proper drainage to avoid waterlogging, which can damage roots and reduce fruit quality. At the start of the rainy season, mulch the base of the trees with straw, wheat straw, or bran to improve moisture retention and suppress weeds.
Fourth, chemical weeding is an efficient method. Apply 10% glyphosate at a rate of 0.5 kg per acre, mixed with 30-40 kg of water, and add a small amount of detergent to enhance effectiveness. Be careful not to spray the leaves or fruits to avoid phytotoxicity.
Lastly, recent years have seen severe brown spot disease in apple orchards. To manage this, alternate between systemic fungicides such as benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, and mancozeb with Bordeaux mixture. Regular spraying can help control the spread of the disease.
In the event of a hailstorm, act quickly. Remove any fruit that cannot recover from damage, and provide extra nutrients to support healing. For damaged branches, carefully remove the bark and apply a diluted fruit protection ointment to the wounds, helping to prevent infection and speed up recovery.