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Deep chemical fertilizer application technology involves delivering precise and uniform amounts of fertilizer directly into the root zone of crops, below the soil surface. This method ensures that fertilizers are efficiently absorbed by plants while significantly reducing nutrient loss due to volatilization or runoff. As a result, it enhances fertilizer efficiency, boosts crop productivity, and promotes sustainable agricultural practices.
Applying deep fertilizer on a large scale is challenging with traditional methods. However, specialized machinery makes this process feasible, enabling farmers to apply fertilizers more effectively and consistently.
**Advantages of Deep Fertilizer Mechanization**
1. **Improved Nutrient Uptake**: Deep application minimizes nutrient loss and increases fertilizer use efficiency. Studies from the Institute of Soil Fertility at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences show that applying ammonium bicarbonate and urea at depths of 6–10 cm can raise nitrogen utilization rates from 27% and 37% to 58% and 50%, respectively. This technique can increase average nitrogen use efficiency from 30% to 40%. It also helps reduce wind erosion and improves nutrient availability for crops.
2. **Higher Crop Yields**: By promoting root development and better nutrient absorption, deep fertilization supports stronger plant growth and higher yields. Field trials have shown that wheat and corn yields can increase by 225–675 kg/ha, cotton by 75–120 kg/ha, and soybeans by 225–375 kg/ha. On average, yield improvements range from 5% to 15%.
3. **Prevention of Seed Burn**: Mechanical deep application keeps fertilizer away from seeds, avoiding direct contact that could damage young plants. The fertilizer is placed 3–6 cm away from the seed, creating a protective soil layer that prevents burning and promotes healthy seedling development.
4. **Increased Efficiency and Reduced Labor**: Machinery allows for faster and more efficient application compared to manual work. A single machine can cover 0.33–0.67 hectares per hour, which is 10–20 times faster than manual labor. This not only reduces physical strain but also lowers operational costs.
Additionally, deep fertilizer application helps minimize environmental pollution by reducing nutrient leaching and runoff.
In summary, deep chemical fertilizer mechanization offers significant economic and environmental benefits. It is a key technology in modern agriculture that we actively promote to improve productivity and sustainability.
**Key Implementation Steps for Deep Fertilizer Application**
1. **Base Fertilizer Application**: Combine deep base fertilizer application with plowing. Two main methods are used: spreading fertilizer first and then plowing, or applying fertilizer during plowing. The latter is more efficient and reduces nutrient loss.
- In the first method, fertilizer should be spread evenly and covered quickly to prevent volatilization.
- The second method integrates fertilizer placement with plowing, ensuring deeper and more uniform distribution.
2. **Seed Fertilizer Application**: Apply fertilizer alongside seeding using specialized equipment. The fertilizer should be placed at least 3 cm away from the seed to avoid damage. Two common techniques are side placement and direct placement beneath the seed bed.
3. **Top Dressing**: Use specialized equipment to apply fertilizer between crop rows, ensuring proper depth (6–10 cm) and coverage. This method improves nutrient uptake and reduces waste.
**Equipment Requirements**
- Machines must meet agronomic standards, including a minimum application depth of 6 cm and adjustable fertilizer settings.
- Fertilizer bands should be even and continuous, with minimal variation in width.
- Soil coverage must be complete, and fertilizer accuracy should be at least 70%.
- Equipment should not harm crops and must operate reliably with minimal downtime.
By following these guidelines, farmers can maximize the benefits of deep fertilizer application, leading to healthier crops, higher yields, and a more sustainable farming system.