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The deep chemical fertilizer application technology involves the precise and uniform distribution of fertilizers into the root zone of crops, below the soil surface. This method ensures that the nutrients are directly accessible to the plant roots, improving nutrient uptake while significantly reducing losses due to volatilization and runoff. As a result, it enhances fertilizer efficiency, maximizes yield potential, and promotes sustainable agricultural practices.
Implementing this technique on a large scale is challenging with traditional methods, but it can be effectively achieved through specialized machinery designed for deep fertilizer placement. These tools allow for accurate and consistent application, making the process more efficient and reliable.
**Advantages of Deep Fertilizer Mechanization**
1. **Improved Nutrient Utilization**: By placing fertilizers deeper in the soil, less nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere. Studies from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences show that deep application increases the utilization rate of ammonium bicarbonate and urea by 115% and 35%, respectively. This leads to higher nitrogen use efficiency, typically rising from 30% to over 40%. Similar benefits apply to phosphorus and potassium, reducing waste and increasing crop productivity.
2. **Increased Crop Yields**: Deep fertilization supports better root development and nutrient absorption, which enhances plant growth and resilience. Field trials have shown significant yield improvements: wheat and corn can see increases of 225–675 kg per hectare, cotton lint by 75–120 kg, and soybeans by 225–375 kg. On average, yields increase by 5% to 15%.
3. **Prevention of Seed Burn**: Mechanical deep application ensures a safe distance between seeds and fertilizers—typically 3 to 6 cm—creating a protective soil layer that prevents damage to young plants. This reduces the risk of seedling burn and improves germination rates.
4. **Efficiency and Labor Savings**: Machine-assisted deep fertilization dramatically boosts work efficiency. A single operator can cover 0.33 to 0.67 hectares per hour, which is 10 to 20 times faster than manual methods. This not only saves time but also reduces physical strain, lowers labor costs, and improves overall farm productivity.
In addition to these benefits, deep fertilizer application helps reduce environmental pollution by minimizing nutrient leaching and runoff, contributing to more eco-friendly farming practices.
Overall, deep chemical fertilizer mechanization is a key innovation in modern agriculture. It offers cost savings, improved efficiency, and long-term sustainability, making it a vital component of agricultural development.
**Key Implementation Points for Deep Fertilizer Application**
1. **Base Fertilizer Application**:
- Combine base fertilizer with plowing operations. Two common methods are spreading fertilizer first and then plowing, or applying fertilizer during plowing (also known as furrow fertilization).
- The second method is preferred as it minimizes nutrient loss. Plows can be modified to include fertilizer applicators, ensuring even distribution and proper depth.
2. **Seed Fertilizer Application**:
- Apply fertilizer at the same time as seeding, using a seeder equipped with a fertilizer tank and row applicator.
- Maintain a 3 cm soil barrier between seeds and fertilizer to prevent burning. The fertilizer should be evenly distributed, with no gaps or breaks in the band.
3. **Top Dressing**:
- Use specialized equipment to apply fertilizer between crop rows, at a depth of 6–10 cm. The fertilizer band should be 3 cm wide and placed 10–20 cm away from the plant line.
- Ensure complete coverage and proper compaction to maximize nutrient availability and minimize loss.
**Equipment Requirements for Deep Fertilization**
- The machinery must meet agronomic standards, including a minimum application depth of 6 cm, adjustable fertilizer rates, and reliable row applicators.
- Key performance metrics include low broken-row rates, even fertilizer distribution (coefficient of variation ≤ 60%), and 100% soil coverage.
- The accuracy of fertilizer placement should be at least 70%, and the equipment must avoid damaging crops during operation.
By following these guidelines, farmers can fully benefit from deep fertilizer mechanization, achieving better yields, lower costs, and a healthier environment.