There are three common types of nematode diseases that affect flowering plants. The first is root-knot nematodes, which cause small, tumor-like swellings on the roots of plants such as peonies, begonias, roses, impatiens, and cyclamen. These nematodes invade the root system, leading to stunted growth and reduced vigor. The second type involves leaf- and bud-infecting nematodes, which manifest as polygonal necrotic spots on leaves, leaf distortion, and overall plant dwarfing. This condition commonly affects chrysanthemums, dahlias, and other similar flowers. The third type is stem nematodes, which cause leaf deformation, flower stunting, and in severe cases, prevent flowering altogether. These nematodes typically attack bulbs and tubers, affecting tulips, hyacinths, gladiolus, and daffodils. Nematode infestations vary depending on the region and the type of flower. In general, these pests can complete several generations per year, sometimes more than ten. Eggs, larvae, and adults overwinter in infected plants and soil, and they spread through water, irrigation systems, tools, contaminated soil, and infected seedlings or bulbs. As soil temperatures rise in spring, the eggs hatch, and the larvae enter through stomata, lenticels, or wounds in the plant. A temperature range of 15 to 30°C is ideal for the development of root-knot and stem nematodes. Under favorable conditions, a full life cycle can be completed in 20 to 30 days. Sandy soils tend to be more severely affected, and some nematodes can also transmit viral diseases to plants. To manage nematode infestations effectively, a comprehensive approach is necessary. First, strict quarantine measures should be enforced to prevent the transport of infected seedlings and bulbs. Second, it's important to remove and destroy all diseased plants, including infected soil, and avoid replanting in the same area. Third, using disease-free seedlings produced through methods like apical bud propagation or tissue culture can help reduce the risk of infestation. Fourth, during hot summer months, the soil can be treated by layering it up to 10 cm thick and exposing it to direct sunlight for 30 days, turning it every three days. Avoid using soil from areas known to have nematodes. Lastly, chemical control options include applying 10% phorate granules at a rate of 37.5 kg per hectare, buried in furrows or holes, followed by watering. For potted plants, apply about 1 to 2 grams per medium-sized pot, ensuring even distribution in the soil. Rose Tea,Dried Rose Tea, Dried Rose Buds, Rose Flower Tea, Air Dried Rose Jiangsu Tiankang Food Co., Ltd. , https://www.tiankangfood.com