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In recent years, many regions have actively promoted the production of Ginkgo biloba as a way for farmers to boost their income. However, in practice, two major diseases often occur: "Ginkgo seedling stem rot" and "Ginkgo leaf spot." Both are rain-borne and can cause re-infection, making them challenging to manage.
"Ginkgo seedling stem rot" is a typical stem disease, characterized by symptoms such as "drooping," "expanding," and "middle nucleus." There are two forms of drooping. In the early stages, the base of the seedling stem turns brown near the ground and begins to sag slightly. In the middle stage, the leaves remain on the tree but the stem becomes weak. "Expanding" refers to the lesion gradually surrounding the stem base and moving upward. In the late stage, known as "middle nucleus," the stem's outer layer shrinks, and the pathogen invades the xylem and pith. The pith turns dark brown, and the hollow stem develops black sclerotia. As the disease progresses, it spreads to the roots, eventually causing the entire root system to decay and the plant to die. This disease tends to be more severe when the plum blossom season is short and the rainy season is prolonged, leading to high mortality rates—up to 90% in extreme cases.
"Ginkgo leaf spot" is a common leaf disease, marked by large lesions that start as red-brown spots with dark edges and then expand along the leaf veins. Small lesions often merge into irregular, larger spots, covering most of the leaf surface. Black dots, which are spore disks, appear on both sides of the leaves. High temperatures and humidity during summer and fall favor the spread of this disease, leading to premature defoliation, weakened growth, reduced new shoot development, and lower fruit yield. Although it doesn't kill the tree, it significantly impacts its health and productivity.
To effectively prevent and control these diseases, proper management is crucial. Key strategies include:
Enhancing garden management: Regularly clean up the ginkgo plantation, especially in winter, to remove debris and reduce overwintering pathogens. Weeds should be controlled promptly, and during the rainy season, drainage should be maintained to lower field humidity and improve seedling resistance.
Improving fertilizer practices: Use organic fertilizers for both base application and top dressing to support seedling growth and enhance disease resistance.
Optimizing temperature and light conditions: During hot seasons, provide shade using nets or straw covers to reduce light intensity and soil temperature, thereby lowering disease incidence and promoting healthy growth.
Applying chemical treatments: Spraying solutions like 400 g/L fluazocarb (Guixing) diluted 8000–10000 times, 62.25% mancozeb oxime azole wettable powder (Xing Jie) at 600 times, or 10% Antimycin B WP (Bao Kang) at 800 times can help protect seedlings and mature trees from infection.
By combining these approaches, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of these diseases and ensure healthier, more productive ginkgo crops.