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In recent years, many regions have actively promoted the cultivation of Ginkgo biloba as a way for farmers to boost their income. However, in practical farming, two major diseases often occur: "Ginkgo seedling stem rot" and "Ginkgo leaf spot." Both are rain-borne diseases that can easily lead to reinfection.
"Ginkgo seedling stem rot" is a classic stem disease characterized by symptoms such as drooping, expansion, and a hollow center. There are two forms of drooping: one occurs early in the disease, where the base of the seedling stem turns brown near the ground and slightly droops. The other form appears later, when the leaves do not fall off but the stem continues to weaken. "Expansion" refers to the stage where the lesion gradually encircles the base of the stem and spreads upward. In the late stage, known as "hollow center," the stem's outer layer shrinks, and the pathogen invades the xylem and pith, causing the pith to turn dark brown. Eventually, black sclerotia form inside the hollow stem, and the disease spreads to the roots, leading to root decay and the death of the plant above ground. Typically, during short plum blossom seasons and shorter rainy periods, the disease starts earlier and is more severe, resulting in high seedling mortality. In extreme cases, the mortality rate can reach up to 90%.
"Ginkgo leaf spot" is a common leaf disease marked by large lesions. Initially, small red-brown spots with dark edges appear, then expand along the leaf veins. These small lesions often merge into irregular, large patches. As the disease progresses, most of the leaves become covered with spots, and small black dots (spore disks) appear on both sides. High temperatures and humidity during summer and autumn favor the development of this disease, leading to premature defoliation, reduced plant growth, weakened vigor, and impaired new shoot development and fruiting. However, it does not usually kill the tree.
The key to controlling these diseases lies in improved management practices. Specific measures include:
Strengthening garden management is essential. In ginkgo orchards, winter cleanup should be thorough, removing debris to reduce overwintering pathogens. Weeds should be controlled regularly, and during the rainy season, proper drainage should be maintained to lower field humidity and improve seedling resistance.
Fertilizer management should also be enhanced. Both base fertilizers and top-dressing should be organic to promote healthy seedling growth and increase disease resistance.
Light and temperature management is important too. During hot weather, shade nets should be installed on seedbeds to reduce light intensity and soil temperature, which helps lower disease incidence and supports better seedling growth.
Chemical prevention is another critical step. Effective treatments include applying 400 g/L fluazocarb (also known as Guixing) diluted 8000–10000 times, or 62.25% mancozeb oxime azole wettable powder (Xing Jie) at 600 times, or more than 10% Antimycin B WP (Bao Kang) at 800 times. These solutions should be evenly sprayed on seedlings or mature ginkgo leaves to prevent disease spread.