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Tomatoes are not only known for their well-developed root systems but also for their ability to produce side branches from each leaf axillary. These lateral branches grow quickly and tend to flower easily. Leveraging this natural growth pattern, a continuous cropping and pruning method was introduced in greenhouse tomato cultivation for head-to-head reproduction. This approach allows the first harvest after planting, followed by transformation into a trifoliate plantation once the initial crop is harvested, resulting in what's known as the three-fruit tomato cultivation system.
The technique significantly increases total output, with yields reaching 2.5 to 3 times that of regular autumn and winter tomatoes. Additionally, the economic value surpasses that of traditional two-season cultivation (autumn/winter plus winter/spring), while reducing labor and production costs by about 20%. The method can be implemented in either autumn/winter or winter/spring cycles, but it proves more economically beneficial when practiced in autumn and winter. In areas like Huocheng County in Xinjiang, the optimal sowing date is mid-August, with harvesting periods spanning from late November to mid-January, then again from mid-March to mid-May, and finally from late June to early August. Capturing the first and second harvest phases is crucial for maximizing economic returns.
Greenhouse performance is essential for successful three-fruit tomato cultivation. In solar energy-saving greenhouses, even when outdoor temperatures drop to -20°C at night, the internal temperature remains above 8°C without heating. Ground temperature at 10 cm depth stays above 10°C, and in sunny conditions, the light intensity at 1 meter height reaches over 70%, ensuring normal winter tomato growth.
The method involves single-stem pruning, where 3–4 fruit clusters are retained initially. After the second cluster is harvested, the main stem is topped, and lateral branches are left to develop the second crop. When the second crop is nearly half-grown, the main stem is replaced again to form the third crop. This results in a nursery colonization with three harvests.
Head management involves leaving 2–3 leaves on the third or fourth inflorescence of the first cluster, while removing lateral branches below the first inflorescence. Once the second inflorescence is one-third harvested, two strong lateral branches are selected per plant. These branches replace the main stem, and other weaker ones are removed. If no strong lateral branches are available, two may be left in place of the main trunk. All lower leaves, diseased fruits, and branches are removed to improve air circulation and light exposure. After harvesting the first three to four inflorescences, the main stem above the selected lateral branches is cut, and any remaining old leaves and fruits are cleared to promote healthy growth of the next crop.
For the second crop, hormone treatments are used to ensure proper fruit setting. Fertilization is applied 2–3 times during fruit enlargement, using a balanced mix of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. When the third inflorescence of the second crop blooms, 2–3 leaves are left on the inflorescence. If the vines become too tall, they can be pruned and trained to maintain manageable height.
In the third phase, the second head replacement occurs, following similar methods as the second crop. Water and fertilizer management must remain consistent, along with pest and disease control.
Temperature and humidity management are critical. During the second crop’s growth period, low temperatures and limited sunlight can hinder flowering and fruit set. Reflective screens can be added to enhance lighting. Temperature should be maintained between 25–28°C during the day, 18–23°C in the afternoon, and 14–18°C overnight. Ventilation should be gradual and controlled to reduce humidity and prevent diseases like gray mold and early blight.
Water and fertilizer management requires careful planning. Base fertilizer should be applied before planting, including 8–10 cubic meters of fermented sheep or chicken manure, 80–100 kg of superphosphate, 40–50 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 40–50 kg of potassium sulfate per 667 square meters. Half of the chemical fertilizer is applied at 30 cm depth, while the rest is placed under the ridge. Top dressing should be done in small amounts, such as 8–10 kg of urea and 6–8 kg of potassium sulfate per 667 square meters. In winter, avoid using urea or diammonium phosphate to prevent lowering soil temperature. Instead, use diluted chicken manure or large manure water for irrigation, and apply foliar sprays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, superphosphate, and melon greens. Watering should be adjusted based on weather and plant growth.