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The seedling stage of a tomato plant begins from the emergence of the first true leaf up to the formation of buds. Despite their small size, tomato seeds contain limited stored nutrients, yet the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth is relatively fast. This is largely due to the rapid development of the root system, which lays a strong foundation for future growth. After germination, the initial root growth has a significant advantage, especially in early-maturing varieties. Within 20–30 days, the main roots can grow to 40–50 cm and develop numerous lateral roots. By about 60 days after sowing, the roots can extend over 80 cm deep into the soil. Although transplanting may damage the root system, tomato roots have a strong ability to recover. The formation of many lateral roots helps accelerate shoot growth.
The relationship between root and shoot growth varies among different varieties. Before flower buds start to differentiate, early-maturing varieties typically show faster root growth compared to late-maturing ones, while above-ground growth remains similar. As the seedlings grow, the root development of late-maturing varieties speeds up and eventually surpasses that of early-maturing ones, leading to increased above-ground growth. This highlights the distinct developmental traits of early and high-yielding tomato varieties. To achieve early maturity and high yield, it's crucial to focus on root development during the seedling stage.
The seedling phase includes two key stages: the basic vegetative growth stage and the pre-flower bud differentiation stage. Vegetative growth provides the foundation for flower bud development and further growth. Additionally, hormones produced by cotyledons and unfolded true leaves significantly influence flower bud differentiation. Therefore, larger cotyledons and bigger true leaves are essential for producing healthy seedlings. Around 25–30 days after sowing, when the seedlings have 2–3 leaves, the second stage—flower bud differentiation—begins. At this point, the growth rate of both the seedlings and roots slows down due to the shift toward reproductive development. However, this slowdown is usually temporary, and the recovery speed depends on growing conditions. From this point onward, vegetative growth and flower bud development occur simultaneously.
The second inflorescence starts to form around 35–40 days after sowing, with the third inflorescence developing about 10 days later. The position of flower bud differentiation depends on variety and growing conditions. Some early varieties may begin flowering after six true leaves, but poor conditions can delay this process. Once flower buds start to form, one bud is typically differentiated every 2–3 days. At the same time, adjacent buds begin to develop into leaves. When the first inflorescence is nearly complete, the next one is already forming. This continuous pattern of flower bud differentiation is a key feature of tomatoes.
From the beginning, the flower bud develops inward, starting with sepals, then petals, stamens, and finally the pistil. The elongation rate is slow initially, but it accelerates once the sepals begin to form. During pollen mother cell development and the formation of four pollen grains, the flower buds grow more rapidly. It takes approximately 30 days from flower bud differentiation to blooming, and around 55–60 days from sowing to full flowering.
Different varieties exhibit variations in flower bud differentiation and development. Early-maturing types tend to start differentiation earlier and develop each inflorescence more quickly, aligning with their faster root growth. During the seedling stage, flower bud development occurs alongside vegetative growth, with the latter serving as the foundation. Root development and leaf area size are related to flower bud formation, but stem diameter is a more reliable indicator. For example, the stem diameter at the first inflorescence that begins to differentiate is usually around 2.0 mm, while the second is 4.5 mm, and the third reaches 7–8 mm. Though stem diameter may vary depending on variety and growing conditions, it remains a better indicator of nutrient synthesis and accumulation than other vegetative measures.
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