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The landlord plant, commonly known as *Clematis*, is primarily cultivated in the provinces of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui in China. It thrives in warm and humid environments, is drought-resistant, and prefers well-drained soil. The plant is not very particular about soil type, making it adaptable to various growing conditions.
For cultivation, it's essential to prepare a suitable site. Sandy loam soil that is sunny, well-drained, and loose is ideal. After selecting an appropriate location, the land should be deeply tilled and leveled. Ditches are dug at intervals of 1.5 to 2 meters in width and 30 cm in depth, with a depth of 0.8 to 1 meter. A total of 4,000 kg of organic manure and 100 kg of superphosphate per acre are recommended for fertilization.
Propagation can be done through root division, seeds, or vines. However, seed propagation may lead to genetic mixing and degradation, with delayed flowering and difficulty in controlling the male-to-female ratio. Root division is typically performed in early April. Healthy roots from plants that have been growing for about three years are selected, with a diameter of 3 to 6 cm, no signs of pests, white cross-sections, and fresh texture. These roots are cut into 7 to 10 cm segments, and female and male roots are separated in a 30:1 ratio. The roots are placed in holes 5 to 6 cm deep, covered with 4 to 5 cm of soil, and then topped with another 10 to 15 cm to form a small mound, helping to protect the roots. Within 20 days, the roots will take hold and sprout. After germination, the covering soil is removed, and seedlings grow within a month. Approximately 40 to 50 kg of planting material per acre is recommended.
Pinching is carried out during summer and autumn when temperatures are high and rainfall is abundant. Strong vines are buried in the ground, and the soil is pressed firmly. After cutting the roots, the vines are pruned to encourage new growth and the formation of new plants. Transplanting can be done the following year.
Field management involves weeding and soil loosening in spring, summer, and autumn after transplanting. Before placing the vines on trellises, the soil should be loosened without damaging the vines. Top dressing is applied alongside weeding. In the first year, more nitrogen-rich fertilizer is used, mainly in the form of manure, animal waste, and urea. From the second year onward, three top dressings are given annually. The first application occurs when seedlings reach 25–30 cm in height, with 1,500 kg of livestock manure, 50 kg of cake fertilizer, and 10 kg of urea per acre. The second application is before flowering in early June, using 1,500 kg of manure, 50 kg of cake fertilizer, and 50 kg of superphosphate, applied near the plants and covered with soil. The third application is in winter, mixing manure with soil around the rhizosphere to provide both insulation and nutrients.
Trellising is necessary when the vines reach over 30 cm in height. Wooden poles, bamboo poles, or prefabricated concrete pillars are used as supports. The trellis structure is about 1.5 meters tall, with a pole every two meters. Horizontal frames are set between rows, and wires are stretched to secure the bamboo poles and branches, forming a stable scaffold. Each plant is then tied to a bamboo pole on the side, allowing the vines to climb upward.
Pruning is essential when vines are placed on the trellis. Each plant should retain 2–3 strong vines, while other stems are removed. The vines are then trained evenly along the support structure.
Cold protection is crucial before freezing temperatures arrive. Long vines on the upper part are cut back, leaving only a 1-meter stem on the ground, which is coiled and covered with a mound of soil about 30 cm high to protect the roots during winter. In early spring, the mounds are opened. Additionally, artificial pollination is required during the flowering period to ensure better fruit set and yield.