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Lotus root is one of the most economically significant aquatic crops in China, playing a crucial role in rural economies and agricultural development. Over the past few years, rising market demand has led to a steady expansion in the area dedicated to lotus root cultivation, making it a key industry in many regions. However, the increasing prevalence of pests and diseases has posed serious challenges to the large-scale production and sustainability of this crop. This article outlines effective strategies for preventing and managing several common pests and diseases that affect lotus roots.
First, **lotus root rot disease**, also known as "scorpion disease," typically begins with pale green leaves that gradually dry from the edges. As the condition progresses, the entire leaf curls and dries, while the top of the stem becomes twisted and withered, causing the entire field to appear yellow and burnt. To prevent this, it's recommended to rotate crops every 2-3 years in heavily affected areas. Applying 70% thiophanate-methyl at a dilution of 1000 times or 75% chlorothalonil at 800 times can be effective. The solution should be applied, and the field should be covered with plastic film for 24 hours before planting. Before sowing, deep plowing combined with 100 kg of lime per mu is advised. If the disease occurs, mixing 0.5 kg of 75% chlorothalonil with 30 kg of dry soil and applying it to shallow water fields can help. Since the pathogen resides in the lower part of the stem, it’s important to spray directly on the base of the plant, maintaining only 3-5 cm of water.
Second, **black spot disease** (also called brown leaf spot or leaf spot) initially appears as small yellow-brown spots on the leaves, which later develop into ring-like lesions, leading to partial or complete leaf drying. Prevention involves increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use while avoiding excessive nitrogen. Infected leaves should be removed and burned during winter. In early stages, spraying 70% mancozeb at 1000 times or 65% triadimefon at 600 times is recommended. Alternatively, a Bordeaux mixture of 1:1:166–200 can be used, applied once every 10 days for 2–3 times.
Third, **lotus root virus disease** causes irregular brown spots on leaves and dark brown streaks on rhizomes. Affected plants should be removed immediately, and resistant varieties should be selected. Controlling aphids, which act as vectors, is essential. At the first sign of infection, spraying 1.5% plant disease emulsion diluted 1000 times can help manage the spread.
Fourth, **wilt disease** leads to yellowing and withering of lotus leaves, negatively impacting root growth and yield. Preventive measures include keeping the field clean and avoiding contamination from oil, sewage, or soapy water. Lotus roots are highly sensitive to herbicides, so their use must be strictly avoided.
Lastly, common pests such as **roundworms, Spodoptera litura (cutworms), and moths** damage leaves and buds. Spraying 90% trichlorfon at 800–1000 times or 40% dimethoate at 2000 times can control these pests. For water-sucking insects like planthoppers, applying lime at a rate of 10–15 kg per mu is an effective remedy.
By implementing these integrated pest and disease management practices, farmers can significantly improve the health and productivity of their lotus root crops, ensuring long-term economic benefits and sustainable agriculture.