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In May and June, grapes enter a crucial phase for fruit development and growth. Effective management during this time significantly impacts both the yield and quality of the harvest, as well as the long-term health and productivity of the vineyard. Therefore, it's essential to implement proper practices during this period.
First, shoot management is vital. When new shoots reach 10 cm or less, they should be removed to reduce nutrient consumption. Once they grow beyond 10 cm, careful pruning is necessary. It's best to remove weak buds early, especially double buds, leaving only one strong shoot per bud. Shoots should be spaced about 15-20 cm apart, with 3-4 new shoots left per cluster. Additionally, some developing branches should be retained to support future growth and renewal. The ideal ratio of fruiting shoots to developing shoots is typically 2:1.
Tendrils and vines should also be pruned promptly. When shoots reach 25-30 cm in length, they should be tied evenly to the trellis without crossing. As they grow, pay attention to their angle—strong shoots should have a wider angle, while weaker ones should be more upright.
Tip pruning is another important step. Around mid-May, before flowering, prune the tips of shoots to leave 5-10 leaves above the inflorescence. For later-developing buds, keep only the top 1-2 shoots with 2 leaves each, removing all others. Shoots below the clusters should be thinned, leaving only one leaf above the cluster.
Second, managing the flower spikes is essential. Once the inflorescences appear, remove excess tips based on the vine’s load. Strong vines can retain 1-2 spikes, while weak ones may need to be left without any. One week before flowering, remove 1-3 flower spikes and trim 1/4 of the tip to promote better fruit set.
Shake the clusters on the wire and between shoots to remove poorly fertilized fruits, saving energy for the healthy ones. After 1-2 weeks of fruit setting, thin out underdeveloped, small, or damaged grapes. Once this is done, begin bagging the young fruits, finishing by the end of June. Before applying pesticides, spray with 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder diluted 800 times or 70% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times.
Third, soil and fertilizer management must be carefully handled. Grapes require high levels of phosphorus and potassium, and are sensitive to chloride. From leaf emergence to flowering, there is a significant demand for nitrogen. Phosphorus is absorbed during active shoot growth and berry expansion, while potassium is needed throughout the growing season, especially as the berries develop. Understanding these needs helps determine the right timing for fertilization and cultivation.
From bud break to flowering (early May), the vine requires a lot of nutrients, especially during bloom. At this stage, top-dressing should focus on nitrogen and phosphorus, with some potassium. Avoid overusing nitrogen. Water after application, and during flowering, spray a solution of 0.3% borax and 0.2% urea to improve fruit set.
During the berry growth period (mid-June), the vine grows rapidly, and flower buds begin to form. This is the time to apply more phosphorus and potassium, using sources like manure, ammonium phosphate, or cake meal. Ensure sufficient irrigation.
In late June, when the berries start to color, top-dress with phosphorus and potassium, with a small amount of nitrogen. Apply fertilizer by digging a 10 cm deep ring trench 40 cm from the plant, and cover the soil properly.
Finally, pest control is critical. Before flowering in mid-May, spray half-strength Bordeaux mixture (240 times) or 50% Tuzet WP (800 times) to prevent black rot, brown rot, and gray mold. After flowering, use 20% insecticide at 2500 times to manage pests like chafer beetles. During the early fruit stage, apply Kebo 600 times or 70% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times to control black rot, downy mildew, and powdery mildew.
Before coloring (around late June), spray 40% EB aluminum at 300 times or 25% metalaxyl at 600 times to manage diseases like gray mold, downy mildew, anthracnose, and pests such as mites and aphids. Consistent monitoring and timely action will ensure a healthy and productive grape crop.