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The high-yield approach for single-season late rice has evolved from a grain-focused strategy to one that emphasizes individual plant development, leading to larger panicles. Compared to continuous late rice, single-season late rice benefits from a more flexible growing season, allowing earlier sowing and transplanting, which extends the growth period and enhances photosynthetic accumulation. The prolonged vegetative phase under favorable climatic conditions gives each plant a distinct growth advantage. Additionally, optimal climate conditions allow for better tillering and reduced transplanting density, making it crucial to focus on strong individual plant development.
For high-yield cultivation, specific ear-grain structure indicators are essential. For conventional japonica rice yielding over 550 kg per mu, an effective panicle count of 220,000 to 260,000 per mu with 100 to 130 grains per panicle is ideal. Hybrid rice requires 150,000 to 180,000 effective panicles per mu with 150 to 180 grains per panicle.
The planting season has shifted from late planting to a combination of early and timely planting. Determining the right transplanting time ensures favorable weather conditions during heading and flowering while maximizing temperature and light resources. For example, in northern Zhejiang, japonica rice is now sown between May 10 and 25, earlier than the previous May 25. In central and western Zhejiang, Yueyou 938 is planted between May 10 and 20, while Liangyoupeijiu is sown between May 15 and 30. In warmer areas like Wenling, sowing can be delayed until around June 5.
Transplanting seedlings at an earlier age improves establishment. Conventional wet seedlings are now transplanted at 20–25 days old, compared to the previous 28–35 days, while dry nursery seedlings are transplanted at 18–22 days.
Planting density has also changed, moving from dense to sparse planting. A longer vegetative period allows for earlier and extended tillering, making sparse planting essential for controlling population size. Improved seedling techniques, such as thin, dry, and short seedlings, promote early emergence and strong tillering, supporting lower planting densities. For hybrid rice, line spacing has been adjusted to 5–7 inches, reducing the number of plants per mu. Basic population numbers have also been reduced, helping to maintain balanced growth and improve yield potential.
Fertilization methods have shifted from heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers to a greater emphasis on organic fertilizer application, especially during the early growth stage. Organic fertilizer should be applied at a rate of at least 15 tons per acre to improve soil structure and enhance nutrient efficiency. Fertilizer amounts are determined based on target yield, variety, and soil fertility. For example, conventional japonica rice requires 16–19 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare, while hybrid rice needs 13–18 kg. The distribution of fertilizers has also changed, with less base fertilizer and more applied at the panicle formation stage to optimize growth and reduce unnecessary tillers.
Water management has transitioned from deep irrigation to shallow wet irrigation. This involves maintaining a thin water layer throughout the growing period, ensuring the soil remains moist without excessive flooding. During the vegetative stage, shallow irrigation promotes root health and shoot growth. During reproductive stages, alternating wet and dry periods helps maintain root vitality and improve grain quality. Water is cut off 5–7 days before harvest to avoid premature drying and ensure optimal grain filling.
These changes collectively contribute to a more efficient and sustainable high-yield system for single-season late rice, emphasizing the importance of timing, density, nutrition, and water management.