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The high-yield cultivation of single-season late rice has evolved significantly, shifting from traditional practices to more scientifically optimized methods. Instead of focusing on grain production alone, the approach now emphasizes the development of a strong individual plant that grows into a large, productive spike. Compared to continuous late rice, single-season late rice benefits from a more flexible growing season, allowing for earlier sowing and transplanting, which extends the crop’s growth period and enhances photosynthetic accumulation.
This extended vegetative phase, combined with favorable climate conditions, gives each plant a distinct growth advantage. Additionally, the timing of planting allows for better management of tillering and transplanting density, which supports higher yields. For instance, in areas producing over 550 kg per mu, conventional japonica rice should have around 220,000 to 260,000 effective panicles per mu, with 100 to 130 grains per panicle, while hybrid rice requires 150,000 to 180,000 effective panicles with 150 to 180 grains per panicle.
The planting schedule has also been adjusted, moving away from late planting toward a more balanced approach that includes early and timely planting. This helps ensure optimal temperature and light conditions for both vegetative growth and heading. For example, in northern Zhejiang, japonica rice is now sown between May 10 and 25, while in central and western regions, varieties like Yueyou 938 are planted between May 10 and 20. Sowing dates can be delayed until mid-June in warmer southern areas.
Transplanting seedlings has also become more efficient, with younger seedlings being used to promote faster establishment. The transplanting age for conventional wet seedlings has been reduced from 28–35 days to 20–25 days, and dry nursery techniques now use seedlings aged 18–22 days.
Planting density has shifted from dense to sparse, allowing for better resource allocation and stronger individual growth. This change supports controlled population growth and improved ear formation. Hybrid rice is typically transplanted in single lines with wider spacing, and the number of basic seedlings has been reduced to promote healthier plants.
Fertilization strategies have also evolved, with a greater emphasis on organic inputs and a shift in application timing. Organic fertilizer is now applied at the beginning of the season to improve soil structure and nutrient retention. Fertilizer amounts are tailored to yield goals, variety characteristics, and soil fertility. For example, conventional japonica rice requires 16–19 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare, while hybrid rice needs slightly less due to its stronger root system.
Water management has transitioned from deep irrigation to shallow, wet irrigation. This method ensures adequate moisture without waterlogging, promoting healthy root development and tiller growth. During the vegetative stage, shallow irrigation (1–2 cm) is maintained, with periodic drying to encourage root activity. In the reproductive stage, alternating wet and dry cycles help maintain root vitality and improve grain quality. Water is cut off 5–7 days before harvest to avoid premature dehydration.
These changes collectively support a more sustainable and productive approach to single-season late rice cultivation, ensuring higher yields and better quality.