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Garden flowers and plants are typically divided into three main reproduction methods. The first is seed propagation, which is a form of sexual reproduction. The second includes asexual methods such as cuttings, grafting, layering, and budding. The third method is tissue culture, a modern technique known for its high efficiency and ability to produce virus-free plants.
Seed propagation involves the use of seeds to grow new plants. This process combines genetic traits from both parents, leading to variations in the offspring. Although this method is simple, cost-effective, and produces strong root systems with long life spans, it can result in unpredictable characteristics. Therefore, maintaining pure lines often requires careful selection and management.
When sowing seeds, choose a sunny and sheltered spot in the garden with well-drained, fertile soil. Ideal germination temperatures range from 16°C to 20°C. Sowing is usually done in spring, while some plants like plum blossoms are best sown in autumn. The depth of planting varies depending on seed size: large seeds should be planted about 0.4 cm deep, medium seeds 0.2 cm, and small seeds 0.1 cm. Seeds can be mixed with fine sand before being scattered evenly. Covering the seeds with soil that is twice their diameter for small seeds and slightly deeper for larger ones ensures proper growth. After sowing, press the soil gently and cover it with straw to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Water using a fine spray to avoid over-saturation, which can cause rot. When transplanting, soak the pots in water first to ensure even moisture. Cover the pots with glass or plastic until the seeds sprout, then gradually expose them to sunlight.
It's important to maintain consistent moisture in the soil before and after sowing, and check regularly to prevent rain from washing away the seeds. Once the seeds germinate, remove the covering promptly and allow the seedlings to acclimate to light gradually. After a few days, they can be placed in full sun.
Annual flowers are commonly propagated by seeds. Spring-blooming species like cockscomb, morning glory, and sweet peas are sown between March and May, while fall-blooming plants such as chrysanthemums, daisies, and pansies are best sown from late August to early October.
When transplanting seedlings, handle them carefully to avoid damaging the roots. Water them immediately after moving them to help them settle in. Pruning certain plants like marigolds, snapdragons, and cosmos can encourage bushier growth and delay flowering.
Regular maintenance includes removing spent flowers to redirect energy toward new blooms and extend the flowering period. Water in the morning or evening to avoid the heat of the day. In summer, avoid watering at noon to prevent scalding the roots. In winter, watering around midday is preferable.
Before sowing, apply a good base fertilizer such as compost, bone meal, or manure. During the growing season, use diluted liquid fertilizers like urea. Keep the soil loose and free of weeds to reduce evaporation, increase soil temperature, and promote nutrient breakdown.
Different flower seeds have varying lifespans. For example, delphiniums, sweet peas, and violets remain viable for 1–2 years, while cyclamens, carnations, and cockscombs can stay viable for up to 4–5 years.
Aquatic plants such as lotus, water lily, and water hyacinth can also be grown from seeds. Soak the seeds in water to swell them, then place them in shallow basins. Once the leaves emerge above the water, move them to a larger pond or tank. Maintain a water depth of about 5 cm above the soil level, and keep the temperature around 25–30°C for optimal germination. Gradually increase the water level as the seedlings grow.