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Garden flowers and plants are typically categorized into three main reproduction methods. The first is seed propagation, which is a form of sexual reproduction. The second involves asexual techniques such as cuttings, grafting, layering, and budding. The third method is tissue culture, a modern and highly efficient technique that ensures rapid multiplication and virus-free plants.
Seed propagation relies on the natural process of sexual reproduction, where seeds are used to grow new plants. These new plants inherit traits from both parents. This method is widely used because it's simple, cost-effective, and produces strong seedlings with well-developed root systems and long lifespans. Seeds are easy to store, transport, and share. However, due to genetic variation, the original desirable characteristics may not always be preserved, so methods like inbreeding or selecting pure lines are often employed to maintain quality.
When preparing a sowing bed, choose a sunny, sheltered spot with fertile, loose soil. The ideal germination temperature is between 16°C and 20°C. Sowing is usually done in spring, while some plants like plum blossoms are best sown in autumn. Seed depth varies depending on size: large seeds should be planted about 0.4 cm deep, medium seeds around 0.2 cm, and small seeds just 0.1 cm. Mix the seeds with three times their volume of fine sand before broadcasting. Alternatively, you can use a fire basin for even distribution. Cover the seeds lightly, adjusting the soil thickness according to seed size—small seeds should be covered twice their diameter, while larger ones can be slightly deeper. Very fine seeds can be sifted directly onto the surface. After sowing, press the soil gently and cover with straw to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Water using a fine spray to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. When transplanting, soak the pots in water to help them absorb moisture. Cover the pots with glass or plastic until the seeds sprout, keeping the top layer dry. Once the true leaves appear, apply a diluted fertilizer and transplant when the plants have 4–5 true leaves.
Maintain consistent moisture in the soil before and after sowing, and check the cover regularly to prevent rain from washing away the seeds. Remove the cover immediately once germination begins, and gradually expose the seedlings to light. After acclimation, they can be placed in full sun.
Annual flowers are commonly propagated by seeds. Spring-sown species like cockscomb, morning glory, dill, and red string are planted from March to May, while autumn-sown varieties such as chrysanthemums, daisies, pansies, violets, and snapdragons are sown from late August to early October.
When transplanting seedlings, handle them carefully to avoid damaging the roots, and water thoroughly after moving them. Pinching back certain plants like marigolds, snapdragons, petunias, cosmos, and red string can encourage branching and delay flowering.
Regular maintenance includes removing spent flowers to conserve nutrients and extend blooming time. Water in the morning and evening, avoiding midday in summer to prevent heat stress. In winter, watering at noon is acceptable.
Apply a good base fertilizer like compost, bone meal, alfalfa ash, or cake fertilizer before sowing, and use a diluted urea solution as a top dressing during growth. Keep the soil loose and free of weeds to reduce evaporation, increase soil temperature, and promote nutrient breakdown.
It’s also important to consider seed viability. Different flower species have varying seed longevity. For example, delphinium, red string, pansy, and lily seeds remain viable for 1–2 years, while cyclamen, carnation, and cockscomb seeds can last 4–5 years.
Aquatic plants like lotus, water lilies, and water hyacinth can be grown through both seeding and propagation. Soak the seeds in water to swell them, then place them in a shallow container. Once the young leaves emerge above the water, transfer them to a larger tank or pond. Maintain a water depth about 5 cm higher than the potting soil. Germination occurs best at 25–30°C, and the water level can be increased gradually as the plants grow.